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Figures of the Article
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The underlying principle of CEST MRI via a two-pool model.
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The signal analysis and related spectrum. (a) The exchange of exchangeable solute protons and bulk water protons leads to a decrease in bulk water signals. Black line: signal intensity of water before RF irradiation; red line: signal intensity of water after RF irradiation. (b) Z-spectrum or CEST spectrum. (c) MTR asymmetry analysis.
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Three different diaCEST contrast agents and their MTRasym signals: Salicylic acid (1), barbituric acid (2), and D-glucose (3). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [8]. Copyright 2013, Springer Nature Limited.
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Analysis of mouse tumors by paraCEST agents. (a) CEST serial MRI of tumor-bearing mice after injection of two different paraCEST agents and (b) quantitative CEST MRI signals of tumors at different time points. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [13]. Copyright 2009, American Chemical Society.
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Main structures of salicylic acid-based diaCEST contrast agents. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [25]. Copyright 2016, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
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Representative CEST MRI images. (a) The anatomical image of mouse, (b) glucoCEST images before infusing agents, and (c) glucoCEST images after infusing; (d) GlucoCEST images, [18F]FDG images, and fluorescence images of the same tumor section; (e) the anatomical image and (f) CEST MRI of tumor after injecting 3-OMG for 3–8 min. (a–c) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [17]. Copyright 2012, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (d) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [28]. Copyright 2013, Springer Nature America, Inc. (e, f) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [32]. Copyright 2019, International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Several images of mouse brains. (a) The glucoCEST imaging, (b) t-map images, and (c) MTRasym analysis of rat brain before and after the injection of xylose. (d) T2-weighted and mannose-weighted CEST MR images of mice after intrastriatal hMSC transplantation. (a–c) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [40]. Copyright 2021, International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. (d) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [45]. Copyright 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Limited.
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Representative T1/T2 and CEST MRI images of tumors at different sites. (a) T2-weighted, T1-weighted and APT-weighted images of rat brain tumors; (b) T2-weighted anatomical image and amide proton transfer-weighted image of pleomorphic adenoma in the right parotid gland. (a) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [14]. Copyright 2003, Wiley-Liss, Inc. (b) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [46]. Copyright 2014, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Different MRI images and related analysis. (a) The contrast-enhanced T1-weighted image, (b) dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)-enhanced MR image, and (c) APT image of TP. (d) The APTw Z-spectrum and (e) MTRasym result of a stroke patient brain. The APTw image of the brain of (f) a normal person and (g) an AD patient. (a–c) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [49]. Copyright 2016, European Society of Radiology. (d–e) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [55]. Copyright 2007, Wiley-Liss, Inc. (f, g) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [51]. Copyright 2015, Chinese Medical Association.
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MRI images and related analysis of mice administered SA. (a) T2w image, (b) overlay CEST image preinjection, and (c) overlay CEST image at 7 min postinjection of mice administered SA; (d) Z-spectra and MTRasym for the right kidney before injection (black) and 7 min postinjection (light blue); (e) MTRasym values of the left kidney and right kidney at different time points after SA injection. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [8]. Copyright 2013, Springer Nature Limited.
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Several applications of SA, Olsa and other probes. (a) The T2w image and MTRasym image of SA-conjugated dendrimers in vivo: preinjection, 30 min postinjection, and 60 min postinjection; (b) the SA-based polymeric diaCEST agent and its CEST MRI in PSMA(+) PC3 PIP and PSMA(−) PC3 flu tumors; (c) the chemical structure and (d) self-assembly mechanism of Olsa-RVRR in tumor cells. (e) The principle of the cathepsin B-responsive CEST probe; (f) CEST spectra of the cathepsin B-responsive CEST probe before and after cleavage with cathepsin B. (a) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [65]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society. (b) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [66]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. (c, d) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [22]. Copyright 2019, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Limited. (e, f) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [73]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.
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