
Many existing studies have considered the factors influencing review helpfulness, mainly focusing on reviewer impact, review informativeness, and managerial response, based on signaling theory. However, previous studies have simply regarded these factors as independent signals, thus ignoring their in-depth transmission and reception processes. The conclusions about the impact of reviewers on review helpfulness are also inconsistent due to the inaccurate measurement of variables. To fill the above gaps, we followed the signaling timeline theoretical framework used in signaling theory and employed a bootstrapping analysis to examine how reviewer impact, review informativeness, and hotel managerial responses interact to influence review helpfulness. In this study, we used a unique dataset that included official labels from one leading online travel agency. The results show that reviewer impact may affect review helpfulness sequentially through review informativeness and hotel managerial response. Furthermore, by using official labels, both reviewer expertise and reviewer experience significantly affect review helpfulness. Finally, we discussed the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
Following the theoretical framework of the signaling timeline in signaling theory, this study examines how reviewer impact, review informativeness, and hotel managerial responses interact to influence review helpfulness.
Figure 1. Signaling timeline[28].
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|
Variable | Description | |
Ln_helpfulness | The logarithmic form of helpfulness votes received by the review j of hotel i | |
Reviewer_impact | Expertiseijp | The reviewer expertise p of review j of hotel i, including Newcomer, Master, Expert |
Experienceijq | The reviewer experience q of review j of hotel i, including Sum_reviews (the sum of reviews s/he posted), Avg_pics (the average number of pictures s/he posted per review) | |
Avg_helpsij | The average number of helpfulness votes reviewer gained per review of hotel i | |
Trip_purposeijm | If the trip purpose of review j of hotel i is m, its value equals 1; otherwise 0. Specifically, m refers to Family, Friends, Business, Couple, Solo, Other, ResforO (reserving for other people) | |
Review_informativeness |
Lengthij | The number of words in the review j of hotel i |
UGPsij | The number of use-generated photos in the review j of hotel i | |
Timelinessij | The interval between the review time of the review j of the hotel i and its check-in time | |
Hotel_MRs | Replyij | If the review j of hotel i is replied to by the hotel manager, the value equals 1 |
Reply_lengthij | The number of reply words in the review j of hotel i | |
Controlvariables | HSCai | The star/diamond level of hotel i |
Priceij | The room price of review j of hotel i (take log) | |
Ratingij | The rating of the review j of hotel i | |
Review_ageij | The time elapsed (in days) since the date on which review j of hotel i was posted | |
a: Hotels on Ctrip.com are classified as either star-hotels or diamond-hotels. If a hotel is rated by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the People’s Republic of China, its star level is shown on its web page; otherwise, the diamond-level determined by Ctrip is shown on the web page. |
Variable | Min | Max | Mean | SD | |
Expertise | Newcomer | 0 | 1 | ||
Master | 0 | 1 | |||
Expert | 0 | 1 | |||
Experience | Sum_reviews | 0 | |||
Avg_pics | 0 | 9 | 0.316 | 0.814 | |
Reviewer historical performance | Avg_helps | 0 | 150.091 | 0.241 | |
Trip_purpose | Family | 0 | 1 | ||
Friends | 0 | 1 | |||
Business | 0 | 1 | |||
Couple | 0 | 1 | |||
Solo | 0 | 1 | |||
Other | 0 | 1 | |||
ResforO | 0 | 1 | |||
Review_informativeness | Length | 0 | |||
UGPs | 0 | 9 | |||
Timeliness | 0 | 394 | |||
Hotel_MRs | Reply | 0 | 1 | ||
Reply_length | 49 | 129.33 | |||
Control variables | HSC | 2 | 5 | 3.908 | 0.94 |
Price | 6.101 | ||||
Rating | 1 | 5 | |||
Review_age | 0 | ||||
Dependent variables | Ln_helpfulness | 0 | |||
The sample size of Reply_length is |
Review helpfulness | Frequency | Percent |
0 | 100731 | 91.67% |
1 | 5636 | 5.13% |
2 | 1426 | 1.30% |
3–10 | 1.56% | |
>11 | 375 | 0.33% |
Total | 109884 | 100% |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model4 | ||||||||
Ln_helpfulness | Review_informativeness | Hotel_MRs | Ln_helpfulness | ||||||||
Length | UGPs | Timeliness | Reply | Reply_length | |||||||
Expertise | Master | −0.109*** | −0.496* | −0.035*** | 15.587*** | 0.073*** | 2.923*** | −0.036* | |||
(0.02) | (0.29) | (0.01) | (0.45) | (0.01) | (0.54) | (0.02) | |||||
Expert | −0.152*** | 6.821*** | −0.003 | 13.430*** | 0.186*** | 7.505*** | −0.140*** | ||||
(0.03) | (0.40) | (0.01) | (0.66) | (0.02) | (0.73) | (0.03) | |||||
Experience | Sum_reviews | 0.025** | 3.497*** | 0.002** | 0.351 | −0.026*** | −1.161*** | 0.004 | |||
(0.01) | (0.20) | (0.00) | (0.28) | (0.01) | (0.24) | (0.01) | |||||
Avg_pics | 0.410*** | 12.998*** | 0.865*** | −3.790*** | 0.014 | 1.007** | 0.011 | ||||
(0.01) | (0.31) | (0.01) | (0.20) | (0.01) | (0.41) | (0.01) | |||||
Avg_helps | 0.123*** | 1.064*** | 0.004** | −0.681*** | −0.071 *** | −1.130*** | 0.106*** | ||||
(0.00) | (0.17) | (0.00) | (0.13) | (0.01) | (0.20) | (0.00) | |||||
Trip_purpose | Family | 0.475*** | 10.418*** | 0.146*** | −8.180*** | 0.161*** | 12.302*** | 0.194*** | |||
(0.06) | (0.59) | (0.01) | (1.28) | (0.04) | (1.27) | (0.06) | |||||
Friend | 0.337*** | 5.999*** | 0.104*** | −4.937*** | 0.017 | 4.454*** | 0.152*** | ||||
(0.06) | (0.60) | (0.01) | (1.31) | (0.04) | (1.28) | (0.06) | |||||
Business | 0.228*** | 1.080** | 0.102*** | −5.459*** | −0.041 | 2.112* | 0.097* | ||||
(0.06) | (0.50) | (0.01) | (1.19) | (0.03) | (1.12) | (0.05) | |||||
Couple | 0.393*** | 6.711*** | 0.125*** | −6.918*** | 0.004 | 2.307* | 0.161*** | ||||
(0.06) | (0.69) | (0.01) | (1.33) | (0.04) | (1.33) | (0.06) | |||||
Solo | 0.359*** | 6.309*** | 0.153*** | −7.029*** | −0.042 | 10.910*** | 0.132** | ||||
(0.07) | (0.71) | (0.01) | (1.36) | (0.04) | (1.51) | (0.06) | |||||
Other | 0.508*** | 7.182*** | 0.120*** | −11.141*** | 0.009 | 1.104 | 0.244*** | ||||
(0.07) | (0.75) | (0.01) | (1.41) | (0.04) | (1.47) | (0.06) | |||||
Review_informativeness | Length | 0.004*** | 0.192*** | 0.007*** | |||||||
(0.00) | (0.01) | (0.00) | |||||||||
UGPs | 0.029*** | 1.070*** | 0.255*** | ||||||||
(0.01) | (0.30) | (0.01) | |||||||||
Timeliness | −0.001*** | −0.024*** | −0.009*** | ||||||||
(0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |||||||||
Hotel_MRs | Reply | 0.073* | |||||||||
(0.04) | |||||||||||
Reply_length | −0.001*** | ||||||||||
(0.00) | |||||||||||
Control variables included & hotel heterogeneity effect included | |||||||||||
Constant | −1.111 | 103.179*** | −0.467*** | 28.026*** | 45.861*** | 0.965 | −1.229 | ||||
(3.87) | (14.33) | (0.07) | (10.81) | (10.30) | (4.02) | (3.58) | |||||
N | |||||||||||
R2 | 0.161 | 0.148 | 0.451 | 0.052 | 0.602 | 0.231 | |||||
***significance: p < 0.01, **significance: p < 0.05, *significance: p < 0.1. |
Reviewer_impact ⇒ Review_informativeness⇒ Ln_helpfulness |
Reviewer_impact and Trip_purpose | Conf. | [95% conf. interval] | |
Reviewer_impact⇒ Length⇒ Ln_helpfulness |
Master | − |
− |
− |
Expert | ||||
Sum_reviews | ||||
Avg_pics | ||||
Avg_helps | ||||
Family | ||||
Friends | ||||
Business | ||||
Couple | ||||
Solo | ||||
Others | ||||
Reviewer_impact⇒ UGPs⇒ Ln_helpfulness |
Master | − |
− |
− |
Expert | − |
− |
− |
|
Sum_reviews | − |
− |
− |
|
Avg_pics | ||||
Avg_helps | ||||
Family | ||||
Friends | ||||
Business | ||||
Couple | ||||
Solo | ||||
Others | ||||
Reviewer_impact⇒ Timeliness⇒ Ln_helpfulness |
Master | − |
− |
− |
Expert | − |
− |
− |
|
Sum_reviews | − |
− |
− |
|
Avg_pics | ||||
Avg_helps | ||||
Family | ||||
Friends | ||||
Business | ||||
Couple | ||||
Solo | ||||
Others | ||||
***significance: p < 0.01, **significance: p < 0.05, *significance: p < 0.1. |
Reviewer_impact⇒ Hotel_MRs ⇒Ln_helpfulness |
Reviewer_impact | Conf. | [95% conf. interval] | |
Reviewer_impact⇒ Reply⇒ Ln_helpfulness |
Master | − |
− |
− |
Expert | − |
− |
− |
|
Sum_reviews | −2.70E–05 | − |
||
Avg_pics | − |
− |
− |
|
Avg_helps | ||||
Family | − |
− |
− |
|
Friends | − |
|||
Business | − |
|||
Couple | − |
|||
Solo | − |
|||
Others | − |
− |
||
Reviewer_impact⇒ Reply_length⇒ Ln_helpfulness |
Master | − |
||
Expert | ||||
Sum_reviews | −3.46E–06 | −7.67E–06 | 7.51E–07 | |
Avg_pics | 4.97E–06 | −7.41E–06 | ||
Avg_helps | −1.31E−05 | − |
4.76E–06 | |
Family | ||||
Friends | − |
|||
Business | − |
|||
Couple | − |
− |
||
Solo | − |
|||
Others | − |
|||
***significance: p < 0.01, **significance: p < 0.05, *significance: p < 0.1. |
Reviewer_impact⇒ Review_informativeness ⇒ Hotel_MRs ⇒ Ln_helpfulness |
Reviewer_impact | Conf. | [95% conf. interval] | |
Reviewer_impact⇒ Length⇒ Reply⇒ Ln_helpfulness |
Master | − |
− |
|
Expert | − |
− |
− |
|
Sum_reviews | −3.00E–05*** | − |
− |
|
Avg_pics | − |
− |
− |
|
Avg_helps | − |
− |
− |
|
Family | − |
− |
− |
|
Friends | − |
− |
− |
|
Business | − |
− |
− |
|
Couple | − |
− |
− |
|
Solo | − |
− |
− |
|
Others | − |
− |
− |
|
Reviewer_impact⇒ Pictures⇒ Reply⇒ Ln_helpfulness |
Master | |||
Expert | − |
|||
Sum_reviews | 2.15E–06** | 5.01E–07 | 3.80E–06 | |
Avg_pics | − |
− |
− |
|
Avg_helps | −7.05E–06** | − |
−3.78E–07 | |
Family | − |
− |
− |
|
Friends | − |
− |
− |
|
Business | − |
− |
− |
|
Couple | − |
− |
− |
|
Solo | − |
− |
− |
|
Others | − |
− |
− |
|
Reviewer_impact⇒ Timeliness⇒ Reply⇒ Ln_helpfulness |
Master | |||
Expert | ||||
Sum_reviews | 1.58E–06** | 3.64E–07 | 2.80E–06 | |
Avg_pics | −1.30E-05*** | − |
−4.93E–06 | |
Avg_helps | −9.07E–06*** | − |
−2.44E–06 | |
Family | − |
− |
− |
|
Friends | − |
− |
− |
|
Business | − |
− |
− |
|
Couple | − |
− |
− |
|
Solo | − |
− |
− |
|
Others | − |
− |
− |
|
Reviewer_impact⇒ Length⇒ Reply_length⇒ Ln_helpfulness |
Master | − |
− |
|
Expert | 5.54E–06 | |||
Sum_reviews | 1.80E–06** | 8.94E–09 | 3.60E–06 | |
Avg_pics | −1.17E–07** | 2.85E–07 | ||
Avg_helps | 6.09E–06** | 2.40E–08 | ||
Family | ||||
Friends | 1.31E–06 | |||
Business | − |
|||
Couple | ||||
Solo | ||||
Others | ||||
Reviewer_impact⇒ UGPs⇒ Reply_length⇒ Ln_helpfulness |
Master | −2.02E–05 | − |
4.19E–06 |
Expert | − |
− |
||
Sum_reviews | −1.17E–07 | −2.62E–07 | −2.82E–07 | |
Avg_pics | 4.37E–06 | −9.32E–07 | 9.66E–06 | |
Avg_helps | 3.83E–07 | −1.51E–07 | 9.17E–07 | |
Family | − |
|||
Friends | − |
|||
Business | 3.36E–05 | −8.14E–06 | ||
Couple | − |
|||
Solo | − |
|||
Others | − |
|||
Reviewer_impact⇒ Timeliness⇒ Reply_length⇒ Ln_helpfulness |
Master | − |
− |
5.93E–06 |
Expert | − |
− |
4.26E–06 | |
Sum_reviews | −1.17E–07* | −2.56E–07 | 2.18E–08 | |
Avg_pics | 9.66E–07* | −4.04E–08 | 1.97E–06 | |
Avg_helps | 6.71E–07* | −7.20E–08 | 1.41E–06 | |
Family | −5.26E–06 | |||
Friends | −9.76E–06 | |||
Business | −7.05E–06 | |||
Couple | −7.01E–06 | |||
Solo | −4.42E–06 | |||
Others | −6.93E–06 | |||
***significance: p < 0.01, **significance: p < 0.05, *significance: p < 0.1. |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
HSC = 2 | HSC = 3 | HSC = 4 | HSC = 5 | |
Reply_length | 0.001 | 0.000 | −0.000 | −0.004*** |
(0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
Reply | −0.256** | −0.391*** | 0.320*** | −0.005 |
(0.12) | (0.10) | (0.05) | (0.08) | |
Length | 0.007*** | 0.009*** | 0.006*** | 0.007*** |
(0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
UGPs | 0.138*** | 0.212*** | 0.292*** | 0.236*** |
(0.03) | (0.02) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
Timeliness | −0.006*** | −0.008*** | −0.008*** | −0.010*** |
(0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
Master | −0.103* | 0.031 | 0.013 | −0.022 |
(0.06) | (0.05) | (0.03) | (0.04) | |
Expert | −0.155 | −0.043 | −0.158*** | −0.088** |
(0.10) | (0.09) | (0.05) | (0.04) | |
Sum_reviews | 0.005 | −0.020 | −0.029 | 0.007 |
(0.02) | (0.05) | (0.04) | (0.01) | |
Avg_pics | 0.072** | −0.009 | 0.021 | −0.039** |
(0.03) | (0.03) | (0.02) | (0.02) | |
Avg_helps | 0.073*** | 0.046*** | 0.109*** | 0.115*** |
(0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.00) | |
Family | 0.572*** | −0.032 | 0.195** | 0.097 |
(0.22) | (0.16) | (0.09) | (0.08) | |
Friend | 0.563** | −0.147 | 0.099 | 0.181** |
(0.22) | (0.16) | (0.10) | (0.09) | |
Business | 0.509** | −0.123 | 0.051 | 0.065 |
(0.21) | (0.15) | (0.09) | (0.08) | |
Couple | 0.532** | 0.023 | 0.142 | 0.084 |
(0.23) | (0.16) | (0.10) | (0.09) | |
Solo | 0.537** | −0.080 | 0.157 | 0.106 |
(0.22) | (0.17) | (0.10) | (0.09) | |
Others | 0.578*** | 0.052 | 0.205** | 0.232** |
(0.22) | (0.17) | (0.10) | (0.09) | |
Ln_price | 0.005 | −0.116 | −0.421*** | −0.077 |
(0.11) | (0.16) | (0.05) | (0.08) | |
Rating | −0.255*** | −0.383*** | −0.431*** | −0.203*** |
(0.03) | (0.03) | (0.02) | (0.02) | |
Duration | 0.001*** | 0.001*** | 0.001*** | −0.002*** |
(0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
Hotel effect included | ||||
_cons | −3.197*** | −0.394 | 1.671*** | −0.546 |
(0.66) | (0.87) | (0.40) | (0.50) | |
N | ||||
R2 | 0.247 | 0.237 | 0.254 | 0.247 |
***significance: p < 0.01, **significance: p < 0.05, *significance: p < 0.1. |