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CN 34-1054/N

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Factors influencing the amount of atmospheric black carbon over the southern ocean and the Tropical Western Pacific Ocean

  • Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, School of Earth and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

Cite this:
https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0253-2778.2020.07.007
  • Received Date: 22 April 2020
  • Accepted Date: 12 July 2020
  • Rev Recd Date: 12 July 2020
  • Publish Date: 31 July 2020
    Abstract

  • Abstract

    Black carbon (BC) has direct and indirect climatic effects and can be transported over long distances. Knowledge of the concentration and distribution of BC aerosol in the globe is of significant climatic importance. During the 34th Chinese Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE), the concentrations of BC were measured by multi-angle absorption photometer (MAAP). The factors influencing the level of BC were investigated based upon NOx and other data measured synchronously. Excluding the influence of ship emissions, the BC concentrations of the ocean areas from Zhongshan station to France station, and the Ross Sea in the Southern Ocean, and the tropical Western Pacific Ocean was 7.86 ng/m3±15.52 ng / m3, 4.73 ng/m3±11.52 ng/m3, and 17.80 ng/m3±32.71 ng / m3, respectively. Further source analysis showed that BC concentrations over the Ross Sea reflect the natural background of the Antarctic continent, the relatively high BC concentrations over the tropical Western Pacific Ocean may be related to the terrestrial sources, and the estimated dry deposition flux of BC aerosol is much higher than the model results.

    Abstract

    Black carbon (BC) has direct and indirect climatic effects and can be transported over long distances. Knowledge of the concentration and distribution of BC aerosol in the globe is of significant climatic importance. During the 34th Chinese Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE), the concentrations of BC were measured by multi-angle absorption photometer (MAAP). The factors influencing the level of BC were investigated based upon NOx and other data measured synchronously. Excluding the influence of ship emissions, the BC concentrations of the ocean areas from Zhongshan station to France station, and the Ross Sea in the Southern Ocean, and the tropical Western Pacific Ocean was 7.86 ng/m3±15.52 ng / m3, 4.73 ng/m3±11.52 ng/m3, and 17.80 ng/m3±32.71 ng / m3, respectively. Further source analysis showed that BC concentrations over the Ross Sea reflect the natural background of the Antarctic continent, the relatively high BC concentrations over the tropical Western Pacific Ocean may be related to the terrestrial sources, and the estimated dry deposition flux of BC aerosol is much higher than the model results.
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    • References(35)
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    [1]
    BOND T C, DOHERTY S J, FAHEY D W, et al. Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2013, 118(11): 5380-5552.
    [2]
    BODHAINE B, HARRIS J, OGREN J, et al. Aerosol optical properties at Mauna Loa Observatory: Long-range transport from Kuwait?[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1992, 19(6): 581-584.
    [3]
    BOND T C, BERGSTROM R W. Light absorption by carbonaceous particles: An investigative review[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2006, 40(1): 27-67.
    [4]
    曹军骥,占长林. 黑碳在全球气候和环境系统中的作用及其在相关研究中的意义[J]. 地球科学与环境学报, 2011, 33(2):177-184.
    [5]
    JURADO E, DACHS J, DUARTE C M, et al. Atmospheric deposition of organic and black carbon to the global oceans[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(34): 7931-7939.
    [6]
    汤洁, 卞林根, 颜鹏, 等. 中国第三次北极科学考察走航路线上空黑碳气溶胶的观测研究[J]. 海洋学报, 2011, 33(2): 60-68.
    [7]
    XING J, BIAN L G, HU Q H, et al. Atmospheric black carbon along a cruise path through the arctic ocean during the fifth chinese arctic research expedition[J]. Atmosphere, 2014, 5(2): 292-306.
    [8]
    MOORTHY K K, SATHEESH S K, BABU S S, et al. Large latitudinal gradients and temporal heterogeneity in aerosol black carbon and its mass mixing ratio over southern and northern oceans observed during a trans-continental cruise experiment[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2005, 321(14):337-349.
    [9]
    BODHAINE B A. Aerosol absorption measurements at Barrow, Mauna Loa and the south pole[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 1995, 100(D5): 8967-8975.
    [10]
    WOLFF E W, CACHIER H. Concentrations and seasonal cycle of black carbon in aerosol at a coastal Antarctic station[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 1998, 103(D9): 11033-11041.
    [11]
    HANSEN A D A, LOWENTHAL D H, CHOW J C, et al. Black carbon aerosol at McMurdo station, Antarctica[J]. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2001, 51(4): 593-600.
    [12]
    CHAUBEY J P, MOORTHY K K, BABU S S, et al. Black carbon aerosols over coastal Antarctica and its scavenging by snow during the Southern Hemispheric summer[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2010,115: D10210.
    [13]
    WELLER R, MINIKIN A, PETZOLD A, et al. Characterization of long-term and seasonal variations of black carbon (BC) concentrations at Neumayer, Antarctica[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013, 13(3): 1579-1590.
    [14]
    HE P Z, BIAN L G, ZHENG X D, et al. Observation of surface ozone in the marine boundary layer along a cruise through the Arctic Ocean: From offshore to remote[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2016, 169: 191-198.
    [15]
    PETZOLD A, SCHNLINNER M. Multi-angle absorption photometry—a new method for the measurement of aerosol light absorption and atmospheric black carbon[J]. Journal of Aerosol Science, 2004, 35(4): 421-441.
    [16]
    PETZOLD A, SCHLOESSER H, SHERIDAN P J, et al. Evaluation of multiangle absorption photometry for measuring aerosol light absorption[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2005, 39(1): 40-51.
    [17]
    WOOD M ,BERESFORD N A, COPPLESTONE D. Limit of detection values in data analysis: Do they matter?[J]. Radioprotection, 2012, 46(6): S85-S90.
    [18]
    XIE Z, SUN L, BLUM J D, et al. Summertime aerosol chemical components in the marine boundary layer of the Arctic Ocean[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2006,111: D10309.
    [19]
    WU X, LAM J C W, XIA C, et al. Atmospheric concentrations of DDTs and chlordanes measured from Shanghai, China to the Arctic Ocean during the Third China Arctic Research Expedition in 2008[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2011, 45(22): 3750-3757.
    [20]
    NOAA’s Air Resources Laboratory.Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory(HYSPLIT)[EB/OL].[2020-02-15]. https://ready.arl.noaa.gov/HYSPLIT.php.
    [21]
    STEIN A F, DRAXLER R R, ROLPH G D, et al. NOAA’s HYSPLIT atmospheric transport and dispersion modeling system[J]. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2015, 96(12): 2059-2077.
    [22]
    WANG Y, ZHANG X, DRAXLER R R. TrajStat: GIS-based software that uses various trajectory statistical analysis methods to identify potential sources from long-term air pollution measurement data[J]. Environmental Modelling and Software, 2009, 24(8): 938-939.
    [23]
    PARUNGO F, NAGAMOTO C, ZHOU MY, et al. Aeolian transport of aerosol black carbon from China to the ocean[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1994, 28(20): 3251-3260.
    [24]
    BAO H, NIGGEMANN J, LUO L, et al. Aerosols as a source of dissolved black carbon to the ocean[J]. Nature Communications, 2017, 8(1): 510-510.
    [25]
    DALSREN S, EIDE M, ENDRESEN , et al. Update on emissions and environmental impacts from the international fleet of ships: the contribution from major ship types and ports[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2009,9: 2171-2194.
    [26]
    ENDRESEN. Emission from international sea transportation and environmental impact[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2003,108:4560.
    [27]
    EYRING V, ISAKSEN I S A, BERNTSEN T, et al. Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Shipping[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2010, 44(37): 4735-4771.
    [28]
    LEE J D, MOLLER S J, READ K A, et al. Year-round measurements of nitrogen oxides and ozone in the tropical North Atlantic marine boundary layer[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres, 2009, 114: D21302.
    [29]
    YU J, XIE Z Q, KANG H, et al.High variability of atmospheric mercury in the summertime boundary layer[J]. Scientific Reports, 2014, 4(1): 1-7.
    [30]
    LOHMANNR, JAWARD F M, DURHAM L, et al. Potential contamination of shipboard air samples by diffusive emissions of PCBs and other organic pollutants: Implications and solutions[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2004, 38(14): 3965-3970.
    [31]
    付丹, 郑晓玲, 陈军辉, 等. 中国东海至南大洋航线海洋近地层大气NOx分布特征[J]. 环境科学研究, 2018, 31(2): 231-238.
    [32]
    CORBETT J J, FISCHBECK P. Emissions from ships[J]. Science, 1997, 278(5339): 823-824.
    [33]
    COOPER D. Exhaust emissions from ships at berth[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2003, 37(27): 3817-3830.
    [34]
    SAMSET B H, MYHRE G, HERBER A, et al. Modelled black carbon radiative forcing and atmospheric lifetime in AeroCom Phase II constrained by aircraft observations[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2014, 14(22): 12465-12477.
    [35]
    STITH J L, RAMANATHAN V, COOPER W A, et al. An overview of aircraft observations from the Pacific Dust Experiment campaign[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2009, 114: D05207.)
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