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Summer thermal performance study on pipe-embedded PCM composite wall in existing buildings

  • 1.

    College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, China

  • 2.

    College of Architecture and Art, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China

  • 3.

    State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China

  • 4.

    China-Portugal Joint Laboratory of Cultural Heritage Conservation Science, Suzhou 215031, China

Cite this:
https://doi.org/10.52396/JUST-2021-0114
  • Received Date: 21 April 2021
  • Rev Recd Date: 09 August 2021
  • Publish Date: 30 November 2021
    Abstract

  • Abstract

    Pipe-embedded building envelope is a heavyweight thermo-activated building system (TABS) that has its pipe circuits inside the building envelope, which has been seldom studied in existing buildings. In this context, the pipe-embedded PCM composite wall (PEPCW) in which the pipe-embedded interlayer is relocated to the outside of the load-bearing layer and replaced by macro-encapsulation-based pipe-embedded PCM panel is proposed to address the retrofitting challenges.In this paper, the summer thermal performance and energy saving potential of PEPCW are evaluated through a validated mathematical model. The simulation tests verify the effectiveness of PEPCW in cooling load reduction, and the corresponding amplitude value of interior surface temperature and heat flux can be decreased by 1.1 ℃ and 9.9 W·m-2, respectively. Besides, the parametric tests indicate that the pipe interval has a more obvious influence than PCM thickness, and the value of 300/30 mm (pipe interval/PCM thickness) is recommended. Furthermore, the effectiveness of PEPCW is proved to be satisfactory in the three different cities (i.e., Tianjin, Nanjing, and Guangzhou), and the maximum heat gain reduction (i.e., 39.30 kWh·m-2) is observed in hot summer and warm winter region (i.e., Guangzhou). In addition, the influence of solar absorbance on conditioned space at different orientations can be remarkably reduced through PEPCW, and the reduction in the three sunny sides are relatively higher than the dark side (i.e., north). Overall, the proposed PEPCW presents a satisfactory thermal behavior in the cooling season and could contribute to the progress of energy saving retrofit in the vast existing buildings.

    Abstract

    Pipe-embedded building envelope is a heavyweight thermo-activated building system (TABS) that has its pipe circuits inside the building envelope, which has been seldom studied in existing buildings. In this context, the pipe-embedded PCM composite wall (PEPCW) in which the pipe-embedded interlayer is relocated to the outside of the load-bearing layer and replaced by macro-encapsulation-based pipe-embedded PCM panel is proposed to address the retrofitting challenges.In this paper, the summer thermal performance and energy saving potential of PEPCW are evaluated through a validated mathematical model. The simulation tests verify the effectiveness of PEPCW in cooling load reduction, and the corresponding amplitude value of interior surface temperature and heat flux can be decreased by 1.1 ℃ and 9.9 W·m-2, respectively. Besides, the parametric tests indicate that the pipe interval has a more obvious influence than PCM thickness, and the value of 300/30 mm (pipe interval/PCM thickness) is recommended. Furthermore, the effectiveness of PEPCW is proved to be satisfactory in the three different cities (i.e., Tianjin, Nanjing, and Guangzhou), and the maximum heat gain reduction (i.e., 39.30 kWh·m-2) is observed in hot summer and warm winter region (i.e., Guangzhou). In addition, the influence of solar absorbance on conditioned space at different orientations can be remarkably reduced through PEPCW, and the reduction in the three sunny sides are relatively higher than the dark side (i.e., north). Overall, the proposed PEPCW presents a satisfactory thermal behavior in the cooling season and could contribute to the progress of energy saving retrofit in the vast existing buildings.
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    • References(48)
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    IEA. World Energy Statistics 2020. Paris: International Energy Agency, 2021.
    [2]
    Li N, Liu X, Yu B. The performance analysis on a novel purified PV-Trombe wall for electricity, space heating, formaldehyde degradation and bacteria inactivation. Journal of University of Science and Technology of China, 2021, 51: 308-318.
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    Ye R, Lin W, Fang X, et al. A numerical study of building integrated with CaCl2·6H2O/ expanded graphite composite phase change material. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 126: 480-488.
    [4]
    MaPugsley A, Zacharopoulos A, Mondol J, et al. Vertical Planar Liquid-Vapour Thermal Diodes (PLVTD) and their application in building facade energy systems. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 179: 115641.
    [5]
    Lodi C, Magli S, Contini F, et al. Improvement of thermal comfort and energy efficiency in historical and monumental buildings by means of localized heating based on non-invasive electric radiant panels. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 126: 276-289.
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    Ji Y, Fitton R, Swan W, et al. Assessing overheating of the UK existing dwellings-A case study of replica Victorian end terrace house. Building and Environment, 2014, 77: 1-11.
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    Ye H, Wang Z, Wang L, et al. Effects of PCM on thermal control performance of a thermal control system subjected to periodic ambient conditions. Journal of University of Science and Technology of China, 2016, 46: 845-852.
    [8]
    Yang Z, Zhang Q, Zhang W, et al. Research progress on heat transfer enhancement methods for medium temperature latent heat thermal energy storage systems. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2019, 38: 4389-4402.
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    Oliver A. Thermal characterization of gypsum boards with PCM included: Thermal energy storage in buildings through latent heat. Energy and Buildings, 2012, 48: 1-7.
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    Zhu L, Yang Y, Chen S, et al. Numerical study on the thermal performance of lightweight temporary building integrated with phase change materials. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 138: 35-47.
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    Vicente R, Silva T. Brick masonry walls with PCM macrocapsules: An experimental approach. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2014, 67: 24-34.
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    Gholamibozanjani G, Farid M. Application of an active PCM storage system into a building for heating/cooling load reduction. Energy, 2020, 210: 118572.
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    Rathore P, Shukla S K. An experimental evaluation of thermal behavior of the building envelope using macroencapsulated PCM for energy savings. Renewable Energy, 2020, 149: 1300-1313
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    Fateh A, Borelli D, Devia F, et al. Summer thermal performances of PCM-integrated insulation layers for light-weight building walls: Effect of orientation and melting point temperature. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 2018, 6: 361-369.
    [15]
    Zhu N, Ma Z, Hu P, et al. Energy performance of double shape-stabilized phase change materials wallboards in office building. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, 105: 180-188.
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    Yu N, Chen C, Lin J, et al. Thermal properties of phase change materials used in buildings for solar phase change thermal storage curing of precast concrete components. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40: 297-304.
    [17]
    Romani J, Cabeza L, Perez G, et al. Experimental testing of cooling internal loads with a radiant wall. Renewable Energy, 2017, 116: 1-8.
    [18]
    Zhou L, Li C. Study on thermal and energy-saving performances of pipe-embedded wall utilizing low-grade energy. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 176: 115477.
    [19]
    Luo Y, Zhang L, Bozlar M, et al. Active building envelope systems toward renewable and sustainable energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2019: 470-491.
    [20]
    Ibrahim M, Wurtz E, Anger J, et al. Experimental and numerical study on a novel low temperature façade solar thermal collector to decrease the heating demands: A south-north pipe-embedded closed-water-loop system. Solar Energy, 2017, 147: 22-36.
    [21]
    Rayegan S, Motaghian S, Heidarinejad G, et al. Dynamic simulation and multi-objective optimization of a solar-assisted desiccant cooling system integrated with ground source renewable energy. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 173: 115210.
    [22]
    Jeong S, Tso C, Zouagui M, et al. A numerical study of daytime passive radiative coolers for space cooling in buildings. Building Simulation, 2018, 11: 1011-1028.
    [23]
    Xie J, Zhu Q, Xu X, et al. An active pipe-embedded building envelope for utilizing low-grade energy sources. Journal of Central South University, 2012, 19: 1663-1667.
    [24]
    Yu Y, Niu F, Guo H, et al. A thermo-activated wall for load reduction and supplementary cooling with free to low-cost thermal water. Energy, 2016, 99: 250-265.
    [25]
    Shen C, Li X, Yan S, et al. Numerical study on energy efficiency and economy of a pipe-embedded glass envelope directly utilizing ground-source water for heating in diverse climates. Energy Conversion and Management, 2017, 150: 878-889.
    [26]
    Jiang S, Li X, Lyu W, et al. Numerical investigation of the energy efficiency of a serial pipe-embedded external wall system considering water temperature changes in the pipeline. Journal of Building Engineering, 2020, 31: 101435.
    [27]
    Prieto A, Knaack U, Auer T, et al. Solar coolfacades: Framework for the integration of solar cooling technologies in the building envelope. Energy, 2017,137: 353-368.
    [28]
    Silvero F, Lops C, Montelpare S, et al. Impact assessment of climate change on buildings in Paraguay—Overheating risk under different future climate scenarios. Building Simulation, 2019, 12: 1-18.
    [29]
    National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC). Opinions on Clean Heating Price Policy in North China. [2021-03-01]. http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/201709/t20170925_861387.html.
    [30]
    Mazo J, Delgado M, Marin J, et al. Modeling a radiant floor system with Phase Change Material (PCM) integrated into a building simulation tool: Analysis of a case study of a floor heating system coupled to a heat pump. Energy and Buildings, 2012, 47: 458-466.
    [31]
    Zhao M, Zhu T, Wang C, et al. Numerical simulation on the thermal performance of hydraulic floor heating system with phase change materials. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, 93: 900-907.
    [32]
    B González, Prieto M. Radiant heating floors with PCM bands for thermal energy storage: A numerical analysis. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2021, 162: 106803.
    [33]
    Xia Y, Zhang X. Experimental research on a double-layer radiant floor system with phase change material under heating mode. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, 96: 600-606.
    [34]
    Fu W, Zou T, Liang X, et al. Thermal properties and thermal conductivity enhancement of composite phase change material using sodium acetate trihydrate-urea/expanded graphite for radiant floor heating system. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 138: 618-626.
    [35]
    Koschenz M, Lehmann B. Development of a thermally activated ceiling panel with PCM for application in lightweight and retrofitted buildings. Energy and Buildings, 2004, 36: 567-578.
    [36]
    Shen C, Li X. Energy saving potential of pipe-embedded building envelope utilizing low-temperature hot water in the heating season. Energy and Building, 2017, 138: 318-31.
    [37]
    Rubitherm. Techdata-RT18HC. [2021-03-01]. https://www.rubitherm.eu/en/.
    [38]
    Ocallaghan P, Probert S. Sol-air temperature. Applied Energy, 1977, 3: 307-311.
    [39]
    Kong X, Lu S, Li Y, et al. Numerical study on the thermal performance of building wall and roof incorporating phase change material panel for passive cooling application. Energy and Buildings, 2014, 81: 404-415.
    [40]
    Nageler P, Schweiger G, Pichler M, et al. Validation of dynamic building energy simulation tools based on a real test-box with thermally activated building systems (TABS). Energy and Buildings, 2018, 168: 42-55.
    [41]
    ANSYS. Ansys Fluent Theory Guide. Canonsburg, PA, 2011.
    [42]
    Faheem A, Ranzi G, Fiorito F, et al. A numerical study on the thermal performance of night ventilated hollow core slabs cast with micro-encapsulated PCM concrete. Energy and Buildings, 2016, 127:892-906.
    [43]
    Du R, Li W, Xiong T, et al. Numerical investigation on the melting of nanoparticle-enhanced PCM in latent heat energy storage unit with spiral coil heat exchanger. Building Simulation, 2019, 12:869-879.
    [44]
    China Academy of Building Research (CABR). Design code for heating ventilation and air conditioning of civil buildings (GB50736-2012). Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 2012.
    [45]
    Blanco J, Arriaga P, Roji E, et al. Investigating the thermal behavior of double-skin perforated sheet façades: Part A: Model characterization and validation procedure. Building and Environment, 2014, 82: 50-62.
    [46]
    China Academy of Building Research (CABR). Code for thermal design of civil buildings (GB50176-2016). Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 2016.
    [47]
    Kharbouch Y, Ouhsaine L, Mimet A, et al. Thermal performance investigation of a PCM-enhanced wall/roof in northern Morocco. Building Simulation, 2018, 11: 1083-1093.
    [48]
    Huo R. Study on thermal storage properties of phase change material wallboard with water-heating system. Beijing: Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 2012.
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    [1]
    IEA. World Energy Statistics 2020. Paris: International Energy Agency, 2021.
    [2]
    Li N, Liu X, Yu B. The performance analysis on a novel purified PV-Trombe wall for electricity, space heating, formaldehyde degradation and bacteria inactivation. Journal of University of Science and Technology of China, 2021, 51: 308-318.
    [3]
    Ye R, Lin W, Fang X, et al. A numerical study of building integrated with CaCl2·6H2O/ expanded graphite composite phase change material. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 126: 480-488.
    [4]
    MaPugsley A, Zacharopoulos A, Mondol J, et al. Vertical Planar Liquid-Vapour Thermal Diodes (PLVTD) and their application in building facade energy systems. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 179: 115641.
    [5]
    Lodi C, Magli S, Contini F, et al. Improvement of thermal comfort and energy efficiency in historical and monumental buildings by means of localized heating based on non-invasive electric radiant panels. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 126: 276-289.
    [6]
    Ji Y, Fitton R, Swan W, et al. Assessing overheating of the UK existing dwellings-A case study of replica Victorian end terrace house. Building and Environment, 2014, 77: 1-11.
    [7]
    Ye H, Wang Z, Wang L, et al. Effects of PCM on thermal control performance of a thermal control system subjected to periodic ambient conditions. Journal of University of Science and Technology of China, 2016, 46: 845-852.
    [8]
    Yang Z, Zhang Q, Zhang W, et al. Research progress on heat transfer enhancement methods for medium temperature latent heat thermal energy storage systems. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2019, 38: 4389-4402.
    [9]
    Oliver A. Thermal characterization of gypsum boards with PCM included: Thermal energy storage in buildings through latent heat. Energy and Buildings, 2012, 48: 1-7.
    [10]
    Zhu L, Yang Y, Chen S, et al. Numerical study on the thermal performance of lightweight temporary building integrated with phase change materials. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 138: 35-47.
    [11]
    Vicente R, Silva T. Brick masonry walls with PCM macrocapsules: An experimental approach. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2014, 67: 24-34.
    [12]
    Gholamibozanjani G, Farid M. Application of an active PCM storage system into a building for heating/cooling load reduction. Energy, 2020, 210: 118572.
    [13]
    Rathore P, Shukla S K. An experimental evaluation of thermal behavior of the building envelope using macroencapsulated PCM for energy savings. Renewable Energy, 2020, 149: 1300-1313
    [14]
    Fateh A, Borelli D, Devia F, et al. Summer thermal performances of PCM-integrated insulation layers for light-weight building walls: Effect of orientation and melting point temperature. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 2018, 6: 361-369.
    [15]
    Zhu N, Ma Z, Hu P, et al. Energy performance of double shape-stabilized phase change materials wallboards in office building. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, 105: 180-188.
    [16]
    Yu N, Chen C, Lin J, et al. Thermal properties of phase change materials used in buildings for solar phase change thermal storage curing of precast concrete components. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2021, 40: 297-304.
    [17]
    Romani J, Cabeza L, Perez G, et al. Experimental testing of cooling internal loads with a radiant wall. Renewable Energy, 2017, 116: 1-8.
    [18]
    Zhou L, Li C. Study on thermal and energy-saving performances of pipe-embedded wall utilizing low-grade energy. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 176: 115477.
    [19]
    Luo Y, Zhang L, Bozlar M, et al. Active building envelope systems toward renewable and sustainable energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2019: 470-491.
    [20]
    Ibrahim M, Wurtz E, Anger J, et al. Experimental and numerical study on a novel low temperature façade solar thermal collector to decrease the heating demands: A south-north pipe-embedded closed-water-loop system. Solar Energy, 2017, 147: 22-36.
    [21]
    Rayegan S, Motaghian S, Heidarinejad G, et al. Dynamic simulation and multi-objective optimization of a solar-assisted desiccant cooling system integrated with ground source renewable energy. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 173: 115210.
    [22]
    Jeong S, Tso C, Zouagui M, et al. A numerical study of daytime passive radiative coolers for space cooling in buildings. Building Simulation, 2018, 11: 1011-1028.
    [23]
    Xie J, Zhu Q, Xu X, et al. An active pipe-embedded building envelope for utilizing low-grade energy sources. Journal of Central South University, 2012, 19: 1663-1667.
    [24]
    Yu Y, Niu F, Guo H, et al. A thermo-activated wall for load reduction and supplementary cooling with free to low-cost thermal water. Energy, 2016, 99: 250-265.
    [25]
    Shen C, Li X, Yan S, et al. Numerical study on energy efficiency and economy of a pipe-embedded glass envelope directly utilizing ground-source water for heating in diverse climates. Energy Conversion and Management, 2017, 150: 878-889.
    [26]
    Jiang S, Li X, Lyu W, et al. Numerical investigation of the energy efficiency of a serial pipe-embedded external wall system considering water temperature changes in the pipeline. Journal of Building Engineering, 2020, 31: 101435.
    [27]
    Prieto A, Knaack U, Auer T, et al. Solar coolfacades: Framework for the integration of solar cooling technologies in the building envelope. Energy, 2017,137: 353-368.
    [28]
    Silvero F, Lops C, Montelpare S, et al. Impact assessment of climate change on buildings in Paraguay—Overheating risk under different future climate scenarios. Building Simulation, 2019, 12: 1-18.
    [29]
    National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC). Opinions on Clean Heating Price Policy in North China. [2021-03-01]. http://www.ndrc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbtz/201709/t20170925_861387.html.
    [30]
    Mazo J, Delgado M, Marin J, et al. Modeling a radiant floor system with Phase Change Material (PCM) integrated into a building simulation tool: Analysis of a case study of a floor heating system coupled to a heat pump. Energy and Buildings, 2012, 47: 458-466.
    [31]
    Zhao M, Zhu T, Wang C, et al. Numerical simulation on the thermal performance of hydraulic floor heating system with phase change materials. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, 93: 900-907.
    [32]
    B González, Prieto M. Radiant heating floors with PCM bands for thermal energy storage: A numerical analysis. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2021, 162: 106803.
    [33]
    Xia Y, Zhang X. Experimental research on a double-layer radiant floor system with phase change material under heating mode. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, 96: 600-606.
    [34]
    Fu W, Zou T, Liang X, et al. Thermal properties and thermal conductivity enhancement of composite phase change material using sodium acetate trihydrate-urea/expanded graphite for radiant floor heating system. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2018, 138: 618-626.
    [35]
    Koschenz M, Lehmann B. Development of a thermally activated ceiling panel with PCM for application in lightweight and retrofitted buildings. Energy and Buildings, 2004, 36: 567-578.
    [36]
    Shen C, Li X. Energy saving potential of pipe-embedded building envelope utilizing low-temperature hot water in the heating season. Energy and Building, 2017, 138: 318-31.
    [37]
    Rubitherm. Techdata-RT18HC. [2021-03-01]. https://www.rubitherm.eu/en/.
    [38]
    Ocallaghan P, Probert S. Sol-air temperature. Applied Energy, 1977, 3: 307-311.
    [39]
    Kong X, Lu S, Li Y, et al. Numerical study on the thermal performance of building wall and roof incorporating phase change material panel for passive cooling application. Energy and Buildings, 2014, 81: 404-415.
    [40]
    Nageler P, Schweiger G, Pichler M, et al. Validation of dynamic building energy simulation tools based on a real test-box with thermally activated building systems (TABS). Energy and Buildings, 2018, 168: 42-55.
    [41]
    ANSYS. Ansys Fluent Theory Guide. Canonsburg, PA, 2011.
    [42]
    Faheem A, Ranzi G, Fiorito F, et al. A numerical study on the thermal performance of night ventilated hollow core slabs cast with micro-encapsulated PCM concrete. Energy and Buildings, 2016, 127:892-906.
    [43]
    Du R, Li W, Xiong T, et al. Numerical investigation on the melting of nanoparticle-enhanced PCM in latent heat energy storage unit with spiral coil heat exchanger. Building Simulation, 2019, 12:869-879.
    [44]
    China Academy of Building Research (CABR). Design code for heating ventilation and air conditioning of civil buildings (GB50736-2012). Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 2012.
    [45]
    Blanco J, Arriaga P, Roji E, et al. Investigating the thermal behavior of double-skin perforated sheet façades: Part A: Model characterization and validation procedure. Building and Environment, 2014, 82: 50-62.
    [46]
    China Academy of Building Research (CABR). Code for thermal design of civil buildings (GB50176-2016). Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 2016.
    [47]
    Kharbouch Y, Ouhsaine L, Mimet A, et al. Thermal performance investigation of a PCM-enhanced wall/roof in northern Morocco. Building Simulation, 2018, 11: 1083-1093.
    [48]
    Huo R. Study on thermal storage properties of phase change material wallboard with water-heating system. Beijing: Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 2012.
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