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Transit-time scattering of radiation belt electrons by off-equatorially generated magnetosonic waves

  • 1.

    CAS Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment, Department of Geophysics and Planetary Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

  • 2.

    CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei 230026, China

Cite this:
https://doi.org/10.52396/JUST-2021-0123
  • Received Date: 06 May 2021
  • Rev Recd Date: 05 June 2021
  • Publish Date: 30 June 2021
    Abstract

  • Abstract

    In the inner magnetosphere, the magnetosonic waves have been proposed to transit-time scatter the radiation belt electrons over a broad range of energy and pitch-angle. Recent observations have shown that magnetosonic waves can be generated in the off-equatorial plasmasphere, whose latitudinal coverage and propagation angle are significantly different from the traditional magnetosonic waves confined near the equator. Using our previously-developed test-particle code, we here investigate the possible transit-time scattering of radiation belt electrons by the off-equatorially generated magnetosonic waves. Our results indicate that the transit-time scattering is primarily related to the perturbation near the edge of the finite wave train. The extending of wave occurrence latitudes causes the shrinking of the equatorial pitch-angle range of the transit-time scattering. Compared to the near-equatorially confined magnetosonic waves, the off-equatorially generated magnetosonic waves produce ignorable pitch-angle perturbations but slightly stronger energy perturbations.

    Abstract

    In the inner magnetosphere, the magnetosonic waves have been proposed to transit-time scatter the radiation belt electrons over a broad range of energy and pitch-angle. Recent observations have shown that magnetosonic waves can be generated in the off-equatorial plasmasphere, whose latitudinal coverage and propagation angle are significantly different from the traditional magnetosonic waves confined near the equator. Using our previously-developed test-particle code, we here investigate the possible transit-time scattering of radiation belt electrons by the off-equatorially generated magnetosonic waves. Our results indicate that the transit-time scattering is primarily related to the perturbation near the edge of the finite wave train. The extending of wave occurrence latitudes causes the shrinking of the equatorial pitch-angle range of the transit-time scattering. Compared to the near-equatorially confined magnetosonic waves, the off-equatorially generated magnetosonic waves produce ignorable pitch-angle perturbations but slightly stronger energy perturbations.
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    • References(28)
  • [1]
    Russell C T, Holzer R E, Smith E J. OGO 3 observations of ELF noise in the magnetosphere. 2. The nature of the equatorial noise. J. Geophys. Res., 1970, 75: 755-768.
    [2]
    Horne R B, Thorne R M, Glauert S A, et al. Electron acceleration in the Van Allen radiation belts by fast magnetosonic waves. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2007, 34: L17107.
    [3]
    Shprits Y Y. Potential waves for pitch-angle scattering of near-equatorially mirroring energetic electrons due to the violation of the second adiabatic invariant. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2009, 36: L12106.
    [4]
    Bortnik J, Thorne R M. Transit time scattering of energetic electrons due to equatorially confined magnetosonic waves. J. Geophys. Res., 2010, 115: A07213.
    [5]
    Fu S, Ni B, Li J, et al. Interactions between magnetosonic waves and ring current protons: Gyroaveraged test particle simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics), 2016, 121: 8537-8553.
    [6]
    Li J, Bortnik J, Thorne R M, et al. Ultrarelativistic electron butterfly distributions created by parallel acceleration due to magnetosonic waves. Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics), 2016, 121: 3212- 3222.
    [7]
    Li J, Ni B, Ma Q, et al. Formation of energetic electron butterfly distributions by magnetosonic waves via Landau resonance. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2016, 43: 3009-3016.
    [8]
    Yang C, Su Z, Xiao F, et al. A positive correlation between energetic electron butterfly distributions and magnetosonic waves in the radiation belt slot region. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2017, 44: 3980-3990.
    [9]
    Ni B, Zou Z, Fu S, et al. Resonant scattering of radiation belt electrons by off-equatorial magnetosonic waves. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2018, 45: 1228-1236.
    [10]
    Gulelmi A V, Klaine B I, Potapov A S. Excitation of magnetosonic waves with discrete spectrum in the equatorial vicinity of the plasmapause. Planet. Space Sci., 1975, 23: 279-286.
    [11]
    Curtis S A, Wu C S. Gyroharmonic emissions induced by energetic ions in the equatorial plasmasphere. J. Geophys. Res., 1979, 84: 2597-2607.
    [12]
    Boardsen S A, Gallagher D L, Gurnett D A, et al. Funnel-shaped, low-frequency equatorial waves. J. Geophys. Res., 1992, 97: 14967-14976.
    [13]
    Chen L, Thorne R M, Jordanova V K, et al. Global simulation of magnetosonic wave instability in the storm time magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 2010, 115: A11222.
    [14]
    Bortnik J, Thorne R M, Ni B, et al. Analytical approximation of transit time scattering due to magnetosonic waves. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2015, 42: 1318-1325.
    [15]
    Ma Q, Li W, Thorne R M, et al. Electron scattering by magnetosonic waves in the inner magnetosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics), 2016, 121: 274-285.
    [16]
    Wu Z, Su Z, Liu N, et al. Off-equatorial source of magnetosonic waves extending above the lower hybrid resonance frequency in the inner magnetosphere. Geophysical Research Letters, 2021, 48: e2020GL091830.
    [17]
    Su Z, Zhu H, Xiao F, et al. Latitudinal dependence of nonlinear interaction between electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave and terrestrial ring current ions. Phys. Plasmas, 2014, 21: 052310.
    [18]
    Su Z, Zhu H, Xiao F, et al. Bounce-averaged advection and diffusion coeffificients for monochromatic electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave: Comparison between test-particle and quasi-linear models. J. Geophys. Res., 2012, 117: A09222.
    [19]
    Zhu H, Su Z, Xiao F, et al. Nonlinear interaction between ring current protons and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves. J. Geophys. Res., 2012, 117: A12217.
    [20]
    Su Z, Zhu H, Xiao F, et al. Latitudinal dependence of nonlinear interaction between electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave and radiation belt relativistic electrons. J. Geophys. Res., 2013, 118: 3188-3202.
    [21]
    Wang B, Su Z, Zhang Y, et al. Nonlinear Landau resonant scattering of near-equatorially mirroring radiation belt electrons by oblique EMIC waves. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2016, 43(8): 3628-3636.
    [22]
    Wang G, Su Z, Zheng H, et al. Nonlinear fundamental and harmonic cyclotron resonant scattering of radiation belt ultrarelativistic electrons by oblique monochromatic EMIC waves. Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics), 2017, 122: 1928-1945.
    [23]
    Inan U S, Bell T F, Helliwell R A. Nonlinear pitch angle scattering of energetic electrons by coherent VLF waves in the magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 1978,83: 3235-3253.
    [24]
    Bell T F. The nonlinear gyroresonance interaction between energetic electrons and coherent VLF waves propagating at an arbitrary angle with respect to the earth's magnetic field. J. Geophys. Res., 1984, 89: 905-918.
    [25]
    Bortnik J, Thorne R M, Inan U S. Nonlinear interaction of energetic electrons with large amplitude chorus. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2008,35: L21102.
    [26]
    Tao X, Bortnik J. Nonlinear interactions between relativistic radiation belt electrons and oblique whistler mode waves. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 2010, 17: 599-604.
    [27]
    Stix T H.Waves in Plasmas. New York: American Institute of Physics, 1992.
    [28]
    Denton R E, Goldstein J, Menietti J D. Field line dependence of magnetospheric electron density. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2002,29: 2205.
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    [1]
    Russell C T, Holzer R E, Smith E J. OGO 3 observations of ELF noise in the magnetosphere. 2. The nature of the equatorial noise. J. Geophys. Res., 1970, 75: 755-768.
    [2]
    Horne R B, Thorne R M, Glauert S A, et al. Electron acceleration in the Van Allen radiation belts by fast magnetosonic waves. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2007, 34: L17107.
    [3]
    Shprits Y Y. Potential waves for pitch-angle scattering of near-equatorially mirroring energetic electrons due to the violation of the second adiabatic invariant. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2009, 36: L12106.
    [4]
    Bortnik J, Thorne R M. Transit time scattering of energetic electrons due to equatorially confined magnetosonic waves. J. Geophys. Res., 2010, 115: A07213.
    [5]
    Fu S, Ni B, Li J, et al. Interactions between magnetosonic waves and ring current protons: Gyroaveraged test particle simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics), 2016, 121: 8537-8553.
    [6]
    Li J, Bortnik J, Thorne R M, et al. Ultrarelativistic electron butterfly distributions created by parallel acceleration due to magnetosonic waves. Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics), 2016, 121: 3212- 3222.
    [7]
    Li J, Ni B, Ma Q, et al. Formation of energetic electron butterfly distributions by magnetosonic waves via Landau resonance. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2016, 43: 3009-3016.
    [8]
    Yang C, Su Z, Xiao F, et al. A positive correlation between energetic electron butterfly distributions and magnetosonic waves in the radiation belt slot region. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2017, 44: 3980-3990.
    [9]
    Ni B, Zou Z, Fu S, et al. Resonant scattering of radiation belt electrons by off-equatorial magnetosonic waves. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2018, 45: 1228-1236.
    [10]
    Gulelmi A V, Klaine B I, Potapov A S. Excitation of magnetosonic waves with discrete spectrum in the equatorial vicinity of the plasmapause. Planet. Space Sci., 1975, 23: 279-286.
    [11]
    Curtis S A, Wu C S. Gyroharmonic emissions induced by energetic ions in the equatorial plasmasphere. J. Geophys. Res., 1979, 84: 2597-2607.
    [12]
    Boardsen S A, Gallagher D L, Gurnett D A, et al. Funnel-shaped, low-frequency equatorial waves. J. Geophys. Res., 1992, 97: 14967-14976.
    [13]
    Chen L, Thorne R M, Jordanova V K, et al. Global simulation of magnetosonic wave instability in the storm time magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 2010, 115: A11222.
    [14]
    Bortnik J, Thorne R M, Ni B, et al. Analytical approximation of transit time scattering due to magnetosonic waves. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2015, 42: 1318-1325.
    [15]
    Ma Q, Li W, Thorne R M, et al. Electron scattering by magnetosonic waves in the inner magnetosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics), 2016, 121: 274-285.
    [16]
    Wu Z, Su Z, Liu N, et al. Off-equatorial source of magnetosonic waves extending above the lower hybrid resonance frequency in the inner magnetosphere. Geophysical Research Letters, 2021, 48: e2020GL091830.
    [17]
    Su Z, Zhu H, Xiao F, et al. Latitudinal dependence of nonlinear interaction between electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave and terrestrial ring current ions. Phys. Plasmas, 2014, 21: 052310.
    [18]
    Su Z, Zhu H, Xiao F, et al. Bounce-averaged advection and diffusion coeffificients for monochromatic electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave: Comparison between test-particle and quasi-linear models. J. Geophys. Res., 2012, 117: A09222.
    [19]
    Zhu H, Su Z, Xiao F, et al. Nonlinear interaction between ring current protons and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves. J. Geophys. Res., 2012, 117: A12217.
    [20]
    Su Z, Zhu H, Xiao F, et al. Latitudinal dependence of nonlinear interaction between electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave and radiation belt relativistic electrons. J. Geophys. Res., 2013, 118: 3188-3202.
    [21]
    Wang B, Su Z, Zhang Y, et al. Nonlinear Landau resonant scattering of near-equatorially mirroring radiation belt electrons by oblique EMIC waves. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2016, 43(8): 3628-3636.
    [22]
    Wang G, Su Z, Zheng H, et al. Nonlinear fundamental and harmonic cyclotron resonant scattering of radiation belt ultrarelativistic electrons by oblique monochromatic EMIC waves. Journal of Geophysical Research (Space Physics), 2017, 122: 1928-1945.
    [23]
    Inan U S, Bell T F, Helliwell R A. Nonlinear pitch angle scattering of energetic electrons by coherent VLF waves in the magnetosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 1978,83: 3235-3253.
    [24]
    Bell T F. The nonlinear gyroresonance interaction between energetic electrons and coherent VLF waves propagating at an arbitrary angle with respect to the earth's magnetic field. J. Geophys. Res., 1984, 89: 905-918.
    [25]
    Bortnik J, Thorne R M, Inan U S. Nonlinear interaction of energetic electrons with large amplitude chorus. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2008,35: L21102.
    [26]
    Tao X, Bortnik J. Nonlinear interactions between relativistic radiation belt electrons and oblique whistler mode waves. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 2010, 17: 599-604.
    [27]
    Stix T H.Waves in Plasmas. New York: American Institute of Physics, 1992.
    [28]
    Denton R E, Goldstein J, Menietti J D. Field line dependence of magnetospheric electron density. Geophys. Res. Lett., 2002,29: 2205.
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