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Open AccessOpen Access JUSTC Earth and Space 25 June 2024

Infrared microthermometry of fluid inclusion in sphalerite: A case study of the Xinqiao deposit in the Middle–Lower Yangtze metallogenic belt

  • 1.

    State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric and Environmental Coevolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science of Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

  • 2.

    CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Hefei 230026, China

Cite this:
https://doi.org/10.52396/JUSTC-2023-0054
More Information
  • Author Bio:

    Yangyang Wang is an Associate Research Fellow at the School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC). He received his Ph.D. degree from USTC in 2017. His research mainly focuses on fluid inclusion and isotope geochemistry

    Yilin Xiao is a Professor at the School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China. He received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Goettingen (Germany) in 2001. His research mainly focuses on geological fluids, metamorphism in subduction zones, and trace element and isotope geochemistry

  • Corresponding author: E-mail: ylxiao@ustc.edu.cn
  • Received Date: 27 September 2022
  • Accepted Date: 04 October 2023
    • Available Online: 25 June 2024
    Abstract

  • Abstract

    Infrared microthermometry allows direct measurement of fluid inclusions hosted in opaque ore minerals and can provide direct constraints on the evolution of ore-forming fluids. This study presents infrared microthermometry of spherite-hosted fluid inclusions from the Xinqiao deposit in the Middle–Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt and sheds new light on the ore genesis of the deposit. Considering that infrared light may lead to non-negligible temperature deviations during microthermometry, some tests were first conducted to ensure the accuracy of the microthermometric measurements. The measurement results indicated that using the lowest light intensity of the microscope and inserting an optical filter were effective in minimizing the possible temperature deviations of infrared microthermometry. All sphalerite-hosted fluid inclusions from the Xinqiao deposit were aqueous. They show homogenization temperature ranging from ~200 to 350 °C, but have two separate salinity groups (1.0 wt% – 10 wt% and 15.1 wt% – 19.2 wt% NaCl equivalent). The low-salinity group represents sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX)-associated fluids, whereas the high-salinity group results from modification by later magmatic hydrothermal fluids. Combined with published fluid inclusion data, the four-stage fluid evolution of the Xinqiao deposit was depicted. Furthermore, our data suggest that the Xinqiao deposit was formed by two-stage metallogenic events including SEDEX and magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization.

    Graphical abstract

    Fluid inclusions (FIs) in sphalerite and other minerals recorded a four-stage ore-forming fluid evolution in the Xinqiao deposit.

    Abstract

    Infrared microthermometry allows direct measurement of fluid inclusions hosted in opaque ore minerals and can provide direct constraints on the evolution of ore-forming fluids. This study presents infrared microthermometry of spherite-hosted fluid inclusions from the Xinqiao deposit in the Middle–Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt and sheds new light on the ore genesis of the deposit. Considering that infrared light may lead to non-negligible temperature deviations during microthermometry, some tests were first conducted to ensure the accuracy of the microthermometric measurements. The measurement results indicated that using the lowest light intensity of the microscope and inserting an optical filter were effective in minimizing the possible temperature deviations of infrared microthermometry. All sphalerite-hosted fluid inclusions from the Xinqiao deposit were aqueous. They show homogenization temperature ranging from ~200 to 350 °C, but have two separate salinity groups (1.0 wt% – 10 wt% and 15.1 wt% – 19.2 wt% NaCl equivalent). The low-salinity group represents sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX)-associated fluids, whereas the high-salinity group results from modification by later magmatic hydrothermal fluids. Combined with published fluid inclusion data, the four-stage fluid evolution of the Xinqiao deposit was depicted. Furthermore, our data suggest that the Xinqiao deposit was formed by two-stage metallogenic events including SEDEX and magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization.

    • Public Summary

    • Low light intensity can minimize temperature deviations during infrared microthermometry.
    • Sphalerite-hosted fluid inclusions in the Xinqiao deposit are aqueous and have two groups with contrasting salinity.
    • The Xinqiao deposit is formed by two-stage metallogenic events including sedimentary exhalative and magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization.

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    • References(64)
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    Figure  1.  Cycling method for infrared microthermometry to measure final ice melting temperature (Tm) of opaque minerals (modified after Goldstein and Reynolds[46] and Peng et al. [45]). T0, T1, and T2 represent room temperature, a temperature low enough for freezing (generally < –60 oC), and estimated eutectic temperature of the target inclusion system, respectively. (a) The inclusion is cooled to T1 to ensure freezing during every cooling step with infrared (IR) light on. During every heating step, the IR light is turned off and the final temperature for heating is set to be a little higher than the front heating step (T5>T4>T3). The final temperature for heating is regarded as Tm once abrupt change of bubble is observed during the subsequent cooling step. (b) After the first cooling to freeze the inclusion, the final temperature for every cooling step is set to be around estimated eutectic temperature of the target inclusion system. Tm could be recorded when no bubble change is observed during the cooling step.

    Figure  2.  Cycling method for infrared microthermometry to measure homogenization temperature (Th) of opaque minerals (modified after Goldstein and Reynolds[46] and Peng et al. [45]). T0 represents room temperature. T1 is the temperature slightly lower than the estimated Th or lower than the transition temperature for the host mineral to become opaque. For every heating step the infrared (IR) light is turned off and the final temperature is set to increase step by step. The IR light is turned on during the cooling steps in order to observe whether there is a bubble in the inclusion. The final temperature for heating during the cycles could be regarded as Th when the bubble disappears after the subsequent cooling step.

    Figure  3.  Simplified geological map for the Xinqiao deposit (a) and fluid inclusions in sphalerite (b–g). The sample location is marked as blue star. All the fluid inclusions show primary signature except for the right bottom photo (g) in which the fluid inclusions are of secondary origin. (f) shows the relative age of different groups (low salinity versus high salinity) of fluid inclusions. l: liquid; v: vapor.

    Figure  4.  Effects from infrared light intensity (a) and condenser and field diaphragms (b) on the temperature deviations during infrared microthermometry on the standard quartz-hosted CO2 inclusion (USGS). (a) The colors inside the symbols represent different light intensities used during microthermometry. The light intensity number is proportional to the light powder but not real powder value in Watt. (b) The colors inside the symbols represent different condenser diaphragms whereas symbol styles represent different field diaphragms. The light intensity of Degree 6 is used during these measurements.

    Figure  5.  Effects from infrared light intensity (a) and condenser and field diaphragms (b) on the temperature deviations during infrared microthermometry on a sphalerite-hosted saline inclusion. (a): The colors inside the symbols represent different light intensities used during microthermometry. The light intensity number is proportional to the light powder but not real powder value. (b): The colors inside the symbols represent different condenser diaphragms whereas symbol styles represent different field diaphragms. The light intensity of Degree 5 is used during these measurements.

    Figure  6.  Violin statistics diagrams for salinity (a) and homogenization temperature (b) of inclusions in different host minerals from the Xinqiao deposit. Data of sphalerite-hosted inclusions are from this study, where the other data sources are listed in the abscissa labels. Quartz SK: quartz in skarn. Quartz SS: quartz in sand stone.

    Figure  7.  Fluid inclusion microthermometric data of global sphalerite-bearing deposits. Every colorful line represents data of a particular inclusion series that are hosted in the same mineral type or formed during the same stage. The left and right endpoints of the colorful lines are minimum and maximum values (homogenization temperature and salinity) for the particular inclusion series. The alternative color regions between solid horizontal lines represent different deposit types, whereas the region between dashed horizontal line represents the individual deposit as is numbered in the right boundary. The data source could be referred in Table S1 of Supporting Information. MVT: Mississippi valley type. SEDEX: sedimentary exhalative deposit.

    Figure  8.  Salinity versus homogenization temperature diagram of the inclusions in the Xinqiao deposit. The four-stage ore-forming fluid evolution is illustrated as four different dashed boxes. (b) is the amplifying diagram of the data in Stage Ⅰ box. SEDEX: sedimentary exhalative deposit.

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    Campbell A R, Robinsoncook S. Infrared fluid inclusion microthermometry on coexisting wolframite and quartz. Economic Geology, 1987, 82 (6): 1640–1645. doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.82.6.1640
    [2]
    Campbell A R, Panter K S. Comparison of fluid inclusions in coexisting (cogenetic?) wolframite, cassiterite, and quartz from St. Michael’s Mount and Cligga Head, Cornwall, England. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1990, 54 (3): 673–681. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(90)90363-p
    [3]
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