[1] |
Harrison F A, Craig W W, Christensen F E, et al. The nuclear spectroscopic telescope array ( NuSTAR) high-energy X-ray mission. The Astrophysical Journal, 2013, 770: 103. doi: 10.1088/0004-637x/770/2/103
|
[2] |
Haardt F, Maraschi L. A two-phase model for the X-ray emission from Seyfert galaxies. The Astrophysical Journal, 1991, 380: L51. doi: 10.1086/186171
|
[3] |
Haardt F, Maraschi L. X-ray spectra from two-phase accretion disks. The Astrophysical Journal, 1993, 413: 507. doi: 10.1086/173020
|
[4] |
Brenneman L W, Madejski G, Fuerst F, et al. The broad-band X-ray spectrum of ic 4329a from a joint NuSTAR/Suzaku observation. The Astrophysical Journal, 2014, 788: 61. doi: 10.1088/0004-637x/788/1/61
|
[5] |
Matt G, Baloković M, Marinucci A, et al. The hard X-ray spectrum of NGC 5506 as seen by NuSTAR. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2015, 447: 3029–3033. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stu2653
|
[6] |
Fabian A C, Lohfink A, Kara E, et al. Properties of AGN coronae in the NuSTAR era. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2015, 451: 4375–4383. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stv1218
|
[7] |
Kamraj N, Harrison F, Baloković M, et al. Coronal properties of Swift/BAT-selected Seyfert 1 AGNs observed with NuSTAR. 2018, 866: 124.
|
[8] |
Baloković M, Harrison F A, Madejski G, et al. NuSTAR survey of obscured swift/BAT-selected active galactic nuclei. II. Median high-energy cutoff in Seyfert II hard X-ray spectra. The Astrophysical Journal, 2020, 905: 41. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/abc342
|
[9] |
Kang J L, Wang J X. The X-ray coronae in NuSTAR bright active galactic nuclei. The Astrophysical Journal, 2022, 929: 141. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac5d49
|
[10] |
Parker M L, Wilkins D R, Fabian A C, et al. The NuSTAR spectrum of Mrk 335: extreme relativistic effects within two gravitational radii of the event horizon. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2014, 443: 1723–1732. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stu1246
|
[11] |
Kara E, Zoghbi A, Marinucci A, et al. Iron K and Compton hump reverberation in SWIFT J2127. 4+5654 and NGC 1365 revealed by NuSTAR and XMM–Newton. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2015, 446: 737–749. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stu2136
|
[12] |
Wilkins D R, Gallo L C. Driving extreme variability: The evolving corona and evidence for jet launching in Markarian 335. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2015, 449: 129–146. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stv162
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[13] |
Panagiotou C, Walter R. Reflection geometries in absorbed and unabsorbed AGN. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2019, 626: A40. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201935052
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[14] |
Jansen F, Lumb D, Altieri B, et al. XMM-Newton observatory. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2001, 365: L1–L6. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20000036
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[15] |
Cappi M, De Marco B, Ponti G, et al. Anatomy of the AGN in NGC 5548 VIII. XMM-Newton’s EPIC detailed view of an unexpected variable multilayer absorber. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2016, 592: A27. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201628464
|
[16] |
Ponti G, Bianchi S, Muños-Darias T, et al. NuSTAR + XMM-Newton monitoring of the neutron star transient AX J1745.6-2901. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2018, 473: 2304–2323. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stx2425
|
[17] |
Middei R, Bianchi S, Petrucci P O, et al. High-energy monitoring of NGC 4593 II. Broad-band spectral analysis:testing the two-corona model. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2019, 483: 4695–4705. doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty3379
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[18] |
Rani P, Stalin C S, Goswami K D. Study of X-ray variability and coronae of Seyfert galaxies using NuSTAR. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2019, 484: 5113–5128. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stz275
|
[19] |
Kang J, Wang J, Kang W. NuSTAR hard X-ray spectra of radio galaxies. The Astrophysical Journal, 2020, 901: 111. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/abadf5
|
[20] |
Panagiotou C, Walter R. NuSTAR view of Swift/BAT AGN: The R–Γ correlation. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2020, 640: A31. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201937390
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[21] |
Akylas A, Georgantopoulos I. Distribution of the coronal temperature in Seyfert 1 galaxies. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 655: A60. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202141186
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[22] |
Pal I, Stalin C S. Search for coronal temperature variation in Seyfert galaxies. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2022, 518: 2529–2545. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stac3254
|
[23] |
Marinucci A, Matt G, Kara E, et al. Simultaneous NuSTAR and XMM–Newton 0.5–80 keV spectroscopy of the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy SWIFT J2127.4+5654. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2014, 440: 2347–2356. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stu404
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[24] |
Tortosa A, Bianchi S, Marinucci A, et al. A NuSTAR census of coronal parameters in Seyfert galaxies. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2018, 614: A37. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201732382
|
[25] |
Zhang J X, Wang J X, Zhu F F. On measuring the variation of high-energy cutoff in active galactic nuclei. The Astrophysical Journal, 2018, 863: 71. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aacf92
|
[26] |
Molina M, Malizia A, Bassani L, et al. Swift/XRT– NuSTAR spectra of type 1 AGN: Confirming INTEGRAL results on the high-energy cut-off. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2019, 484: 2735–2746. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stz156
|
[27] |
Hinkle J T, Mushotzky R. Fundamental X-ray corona parameters of Swift/BAT AGN. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2021, 506: 4960–4978. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stab1976
|
[28] |
Kamraj N, Brightman M, Harrison F A, et al. X-ray coronal properties of swift/BAT-selected Seyfert 1 active galactic nuclei. The Astrophysical Journal, 2022, 927: 42. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac45f6
|
[29] |
Pal I, Stalin C S, Parker M L, et al. X-ray spectral and timing analysis of the Compton Thick Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2022, 517: 3341–3353. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stac2736
|
[30] |
Madsen K K, Forster K, Grefenstette B W, et al. Measurement of the absolute crab flux with NuSTAR. The Astrophysical Journal, 2017, 841: 56. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa6970
|
[31] |
Madsen K K, Forster K, Grefenstette B, et al. Effective area calibration of the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array. Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems, 2022, 8: 034003. doi: 10.1117/1.jatis.8.3.034003
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[32] |
Oh K, Koss M, Markwardt C B, et al. The 105-month Swift-BAT all-sky hard X-ray survey. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 2018, 235: 4. doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/aaa7fd
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Strüder L, Briel U, Dennerl K, et al. The European Photon Imaging Camera on XMM-Newton: The pn-CCD camera. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2001, 365: L18–L26. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20000066
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Turner M J L, Abbey A, Arnaud M, et al. The European photon imaging camera on XMM-Newton: The mos cameras. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2001, 365: L27–L35. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20000087
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Read A M, Ponman T J. The XMM-Newton EPIC background: Production of background maps and event files. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2003, 409: 395–410. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20031099
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Carter J A, Read A M. The XMM-Newton EPIC background and the production of background blank sky event files. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2007, 464: 1155–1166. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20065882
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[37] |
Wu Y J, Wang J X, Cai Z Y, et al. More than softer-when-brighter: The X-ray powerlaw spectral variability in NGC 4051. Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy, 2020, 63: 129512. doi: 10.1007/s11433-020-1611-7
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K. A. Arnaud. XSPEC: The first ten years. In: Jacoby G H, Barnes J, editors. Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems V, Volume 101 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series. San Francisco, USA: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1996 : 17.
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Madsen K K, Harrison F A, Markwardt C B, et al. Calibration of the NuSTAR high-energy focusing x-ray telescope. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 2015, 220: 8. doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/220/1/8
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Magdziarz P, Zdziarski A A. Angle-dependent Compton reflection of X-rays and gamma-rays. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1995, 273: 837–848. doi: 10.1093/mnras/273.3.837
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Shu X W, Yaqoob T, Wang J X. The cores of the Fe Kα lines in active galactic nuclei: An extended Chandra high energy grating sample. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 2010, 187: 581. doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/187/2/581
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Feigelson E D, Nelson P I. Statistical methods for astronomical data with upper limits. I - Univariate distributions. The Astrophysical Journal, 1985, 293: 192–206. doi: 10.1086/163225
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Kang J L, Wang J X, Wen-Yong Kang W Y. Distinct high-energy cutoff variation patterns in two Seyfert galaxies. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2021, 502 (1): 80–88. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stab039
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Kang J L, Wang J X. Hidden biases in flux-resolved X-ray spectroscopy. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2023, 519: 3635–3642. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stac3598
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[45] |
Lanzuisi G, Perna M, Comastri A, et al. NuSTAR reveals the extreme properties of the super-Eddington accreting supermassive black hole in PG 1247+267. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2016, 590: A77. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201628325
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G. Lanzuisi, R, Gilli, M. Cappi, et al. NuSTAR measurement of coronal temperature in two luminous, high-redshift quasars. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 2019, 875: L20. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab15dc
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Figure 1. An example (XMM-Newton obsid 0741330101) of the adopted regions when processing the XMM-Newton EPIC-pn data in SW mode. The image is extracted at 3–10 keV with evselect and plotted in logarithmic scale with ds9. The green circle is the source region, which is optimally determined by eregionanalyse, while the two white circles with a radius of 40 arcsec are the background regions. Note that part of the source region is outside the FOV (often the case for the SW mode), which will be automatically corrected by arfgen. Outside the red circle with a radius of 100 arcsec is the source-free region, used to filter intervals with a flaring background.
Figure
3.
Example NuSTAR FPMA 3–78 keV (ObsID:
Figure
4.
The left panel: photon index
Figure
5.
Absorption column density
Figure
6.
Figure
7.
The photon index
Figure
9.
The distribution of the relative errors of
[1] |
Harrison F A, Craig W W, Christensen F E, et al. The nuclear spectroscopic telescope array ( NuSTAR) high-energy X-ray mission. The Astrophysical Journal, 2013, 770: 103. doi: 10.1088/0004-637x/770/2/103
|
[2] |
Haardt F, Maraschi L. A two-phase model for the X-ray emission from Seyfert galaxies. The Astrophysical Journal, 1991, 380: L51. doi: 10.1086/186171
|
[3] |
Haardt F, Maraschi L. X-ray spectra from two-phase accretion disks. The Astrophysical Journal, 1993, 413: 507. doi: 10.1086/173020
|
[4] |
Brenneman L W, Madejski G, Fuerst F, et al. The broad-band X-ray spectrum of ic 4329a from a joint NuSTAR/Suzaku observation. The Astrophysical Journal, 2014, 788: 61. doi: 10.1088/0004-637x/788/1/61
|
[5] |
Matt G, Baloković M, Marinucci A, et al. The hard X-ray spectrum of NGC 5506 as seen by NuSTAR. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2015, 447: 3029–3033. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stu2653
|
[6] |
Fabian A C, Lohfink A, Kara E, et al. Properties of AGN coronae in the NuSTAR era. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2015, 451: 4375–4383. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stv1218
|
[7] |
Kamraj N, Harrison F, Baloković M, et al. Coronal properties of Swift/BAT-selected Seyfert 1 AGNs observed with NuSTAR. 2018, 866: 124.
|
[8] |
Baloković M, Harrison F A, Madejski G, et al. NuSTAR survey of obscured swift/BAT-selected active galactic nuclei. II. Median high-energy cutoff in Seyfert II hard X-ray spectra. The Astrophysical Journal, 2020, 905: 41. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/abc342
|
[9] |
Kang J L, Wang J X. The X-ray coronae in NuSTAR bright active galactic nuclei. The Astrophysical Journal, 2022, 929: 141. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac5d49
|
[10] |
Parker M L, Wilkins D R, Fabian A C, et al. The NuSTAR spectrum of Mrk 335: extreme relativistic effects within two gravitational radii of the event horizon. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2014, 443: 1723–1732. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stu1246
|
[11] |
Kara E, Zoghbi A, Marinucci A, et al. Iron K and Compton hump reverberation in SWIFT J2127. 4+5654 and NGC 1365 revealed by NuSTAR and XMM–Newton. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2015, 446: 737–749. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stu2136
|
[12] |
Wilkins D R, Gallo L C. Driving extreme variability: The evolving corona and evidence for jet launching in Markarian 335. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2015, 449: 129–146. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stv162
|
[13] |
Panagiotou C, Walter R. Reflection geometries in absorbed and unabsorbed AGN. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2019, 626: A40. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201935052
|
[14] |
Jansen F, Lumb D, Altieri B, et al. XMM-Newton observatory. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2001, 365: L1–L6. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20000036
|
[15] |
Cappi M, De Marco B, Ponti G, et al. Anatomy of the AGN in NGC 5548 VIII. XMM-Newton’s EPIC detailed view of an unexpected variable multilayer absorber. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2016, 592: A27. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201628464
|
[16] |
Ponti G, Bianchi S, Muños-Darias T, et al. NuSTAR + XMM-Newton monitoring of the neutron star transient AX J1745.6-2901. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2018, 473: 2304–2323. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stx2425
|
[17] |
Middei R, Bianchi S, Petrucci P O, et al. High-energy monitoring of NGC 4593 II. Broad-band spectral analysis:testing the two-corona model. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2019, 483: 4695–4705. doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty3379
|
[18] |
Rani P, Stalin C S, Goswami K D. Study of X-ray variability and coronae of Seyfert galaxies using NuSTAR. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2019, 484: 5113–5128. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stz275
|
[19] |
Kang J, Wang J, Kang W. NuSTAR hard X-ray spectra of radio galaxies. The Astrophysical Journal, 2020, 901: 111. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/abadf5
|
[20] |
Panagiotou C, Walter R. NuSTAR view of Swift/BAT AGN: The R–Γ correlation. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2020, 640: A31. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201937390
|
[21] |
Akylas A, Georgantopoulos I. Distribution of the coronal temperature in Seyfert 1 galaxies. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 655: A60. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202141186
|
[22] |
Pal I, Stalin C S. Search for coronal temperature variation in Seyfert galaxies. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2022, 518: 2529–2545. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stac3254
|
[23] |
Marinucci A, Matt G, Kara E, et al. Simultaneous NuSTAR and XMM–Newton 0.5–80 keV spectroscopy of the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy SWIFT J2127.4+5654. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2014, 440: 2347–2356. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stu404
|
[24] |
Tortosa A, Bianchi S, Marinucci A, et al. A NuSTAR census of coronal parameters in Seyfert galaxies. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2018, 614: A37. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201732382
|
[25] |
Zhang J X, Wang J X, Zhu F F. On measuring the variation of high-energy cutoff in active galactic nuclei. The Astrophysical Journal, 2018, 863: 71. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aacf92
|
[26] |
Molina M, Malizia A, Bassani L, et al. Swift/XRT– NuSTAR spectra of type 1 AGN: Confirming INTEGRAL results on the high-energy cut-off. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2019, 484: 2735–2746. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stz156
|
[27] |
Hinkle J T, Mushotzky R. Fundamental X-ray corona parameters of Swift/BAT AGN. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2021, 506: 4960–4978. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stab1976
|
[28] |
Kamraj N, Brightman M, Harrison F A, et al. X-ray coronal properties of swift/BAT-selected Seyfert 1 active galactic nuclei. The Astrophysical Journal, 2022, 927: 42. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac45f6
|
[29] |
Pal I, Stalin C S, Parker M L, et al. X-ray spectral and timing analysis of the Compton Thick Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2022, 517: 3341–3353. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stac2736
|
[30] |
Madsen K K, Forster K, Grefenstette B W, et al. Measurement of the absolute crab flux with NuSTAR. The Astrophysical Journal, 2017, 841: 56. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa6970
|
[31] |
Madsen K K, Forster K, Grefenstette B, et al. Effective area calibration of the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array. Journal of Astronomical Telescopes, Instruments, and Systems, 2022, 8: 034003. doi: 10.1117/1.jatis.8.3.034003
|
[32] |
Oh K, Koss M, Markwardt C B, et al. The 105-month Swift-BAT all-sky hard X-ray survey. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 2018, 235: 4. doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/aaa7fd
|
[33] |
Strüder L, Briel U, Dennerl K, et al. The European Photon Imaging Camera on XMM-Newton: The pn-CCD camera. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2001, 365: L18–L26. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20000066
|
[34] |
Turner M J L, Abbey A, Arnaud M, et al. The European photon imaging camera on XMM-Newton: The mos cameras. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2001, 365: L27–L35. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20000087
|
[35] |
Read A M, Ponman T J. The XMM-Newton EPIC background: Production of background maps and event files. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2003, 409: 395–410. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20031099
|
[36] |
Carter J A, Read A M. The XMM-Newton EPIC background and the production of background blank sky event files. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2007, 464: 1155–1166. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20065882
|
[37] |
Wu Y J, Wang J X, Cai Z Y, et al. More than softer-when-brighter: The X-ray powerlaw spectral variability in NGC 4051. Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy, 2020, 63: 129512. doi: 10.1007/s11433-020-1611-7
|
[38] |
K. A. Arnaud. XSPEC: The first ten years. In: Jacoby G H, Barnes J, editors. Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems V, Volume 101 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series. San Francisco, USA: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1996 : 17.
|
[39] |
Madsen K K, Harrison F A, Markwardt C B, et al. Calibration of the NuSTAR high-energy focusing x-ray telescope. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 2015, 220: 8. doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/220/1/8
|
[40] |
Magdziarz P, Zdziarski A A. Angle-dependent Compton reflection of X-rays and gamma-rays. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1995, 273: 837–848. doi: 10.1093/mnras/273.3.837
|
[41] |
Shu X W, Yaqoob T, Wang J X. The cores of the Fe Kα lines in active galactic nuclei: An extended Chandra high energy grating sample. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 2010, 187: 581. doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/187/2/581
|
[42] |
Feigelson E D, Nelson P I. Statistical methods for astronomical data with upper limits. I - Univariate distributions. The Astrophysical Journal, 1985, 293: 192–206. doi: 10.1086/163225
|
[43] |
Kang J L, Wang J X, Wen-Yong Kang W Y. Distinct high-energy cutoff variation patterns in two Seyfert galaxies. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2021, 502 (1): 80–88. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stab039
|
[44] |
Kang J L, Wang J X. Hidden biases in flux-resolved X-ray spectroscopy. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2023, 519: 3635–3642. doi: 10.1093/mnras/stac3598
|
[45] |
Lanzuisi G, Perna M, Comastri A, et al. NuSTAR reveals the extreme properties of the super-Eddington accreting supermassive black hole in PG 1247+267. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2016, 590: A77. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201628325
|
[46] |
G. Lanzuisi, R, Gilli, M. Cappi, et al. NuSTAR measurement of coronal temperature in two luminous, high-redshift quasars. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 2019, 875: L20. doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab15dc
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