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Open AccessOpen Access JUSTC Astronomy 30 March 2023

The NuSTAR extragalactic surveys: Source catalogs from the Extended Chandra Deep Field-South and the Chandra Deep Field-North

  • 1.

    CAS Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Department of Astronomy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

  • 2.

    School of Astronomy and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

Cite this:
https://doi.org/10.52396/JUSTC-2023-0032
More Information
  • Author Bio:

    Tianyi Zhang is a graduate student under the supervision of Professor Yongquan Xue at University of Science and Technology of China. His research is focused on active galactic nuclei

    Yongquan Xue is currently a Professor at University of Science and Technology of China. He received his Ph.D. degree from Purdue University. His research interests mainly focus on active galactic nuclei and high-energy astrophysics

  • Corresponding author: E-mail: zty123@mail.ustc.edu.cn; E-mail: xuey@ustc.edu.cn
  • Received Date: 06 March 2023
  • Accepted Date: 13 March 2023
    • Available Online: 30 March 2023
    Abstract

  • Abstract

    We present a routinized and reliable method to obtain source catalogs from the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) extragalactic surveys of the Extended Chandra Deep Field-South (E-CDF-S) and Chandra Deep Field-North (CDF-N). The NuSTAR E-CDF-S survey covers a sky area of $\sim30'\times30'$ to a maximum depth of $\sim230\;{\rm{ks}}$ corrected for vignetting in the 3–24 keV band, with a total of 58 sources detected in our E-CDF-S catalog; the NuSTAR CDF-N survey covers a sky area of $\sim7'\times10'$ to a maximum depth of $\sim440\;{\rm{ks}}$ corrected for vignetting in the 3–24 keV band, with a total of 42 sources detected in our CDF-N catalog that is produced for the first time. We verify the reliability of our two catalogs by crossmatching them with the relevant catalogs from the Chandra X-ray observatory and find that the fluxes of our NuSTAR sources are generally consistent with those of their Chandra counterparts. Our two catalogs are produced following the exact same method and made publicly available, thereby providing a uniform platform that facilitates further studies involving these two fields. Our source-detection method provides a systematic approach for source cataloging in other NuSTAR extragalactic surveys.

    Graphical abstract

    Stacked NuSTAR E-CDF-S and CDF-N science mosaics in the 3–24 keV band.

    Abstract

    We present a routinized and reliable method to obtain source catalogs from the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) extragalactic surveys of the Extended Chandra Deep Field-South (E-CDF-S) and Chandra Deep Field-North (CDF-N). The NuSTAR E-CDF-S survey covers a sky area of $\sim30'\times30'$ to a maximum depth of $\sim230\;{\rm{ks}}$ corrected for vignetting in the 3–24 keV band, with a total of 58 sources detected in our E-CDF-S catalog; the NuSTAR CDF-N survey covers a sky area of $\sim7'\times10'$ to a maximum depth of $\sim440\;{\rm{ks}}$ corrected for vignetting in the 3–24 keV band, with a total of 42 sources detected in our CDF-N catalog that is produced for the first time. We verify the reliability of our two catalogs by crossmatching them with the relevant catalogs from the Chandra X-ray observatory and find that the fluxes of our NuSTAR sources are generally consistent with those of their Chandra counterparts. Our two catalogs are produced following the exact same method and made publicly available, thereby providing a uniform platform that facilitates further studies involving these two fields. Our source-detection method provides a systematic approach for source cataloging in other NuSTAR extragalactic surveys.

    • Public Summary

    • We present a routinized and reliable method to obtain source catalogs from the nuclear spectroscopic telescope array (NuSTAR) extragalactic surveys of the Extended Chandra Deep Field-South (E-CDF-S) and Chandra Deep Field-North (CDF-N).
    • There are 58 and 42 sources in our NuSTAR E-CDF-S and CDF-N catalogs, respectively, with the CDF-N catalog being produced for the first time.
    • We make our E-CDF-S and CDF-N catalogs publicly available, thereby providing a uniform platform that facilitates further studies involving these two fields.

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    • References(26)
  • [1]
    Brandt W N, Hasinger G. Deep extragalactic X-ray surveys. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2005, 43: 827–859. doi: 10.1146/annurev.astro.43.051804.102213
    [2]
    Brandt W N, Alexander D M. Cosmic X-ray surveys of distant active galaxies. The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review, 2015, 23: 1. doi: 10.1007/s00159-014-0081-z
    [3]
    Xue Y Q. The Chandra Deep Fields: Lifting the veil on distant active galactic nuclei and X-ray emitting galaxies. New Astronomy Reviews, 2017, 79: 59–84. doi: 10.1016/j.newar.2017.09.002
    [4]
    Yuan F, Narayan R. Hot accretion flows around black holes. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2014, 52: 529–588. doi: 10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-141003
    [5]
    Li J, Xue Y, Sun M, et al. Piercing through highly obscured and Compton-thick AGNs in the Chandra Deep Fields. I. X-ray spectral and long-term variability analyses. The Astrophysical Journal, 2019, 877: 5. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab184b
    [6]
    Li J, Xue Y, Sun M, et al. Piercing through highly obscured and Compton-thick AGNs in the Chandra Deep Fields. II. are highly obscured AGNs the missing link in the merger-triggered AGN-galaxy coevolution models. The Astrophysical Journal, 2020, 903: 49. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/abb6e7
    [7]
    Hickox R C, Markevitch M. Absolute measurement of the unresolved cosmic X-ray background in the 0.5–8 keV band with Chandra. The Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 645: 95. doi: 10.1086/504070
    [8]
    Xue Y Q, Luo B, Brandt W N, et al. The Chandra Deep Field-South survey: 4 Ms source catalogs. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 2011, 195: 10. doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/195/1/10
    [9]
    Xue Y Q, Wang S X, Brandt W N, et al. Tracking down the source population responsible for the unresolved cosmic 6–8 keV background. The Astrophysical Journal, 2012, 758: 129. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/758/2/129
    [10]
    Lehmer B D, Xue Y Q, Brandt W N, et al. The 4 Ms Chandra Deep Field-South number counts apportioned by source class: Pervasive active galactic nuclei and the ascent of normal galaxies. The Astrophysical Journal, 2012, 752: 46. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/752/1/46
    [11]
    Luo B, Brandt W N, Xue Y Q, et al. The Chandra Deep Field-South survey: 7 Ms source catalogs. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 2017, 228 (1): 2. doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/228/1/2
    [12]
    Harrison F A, Aird J, Civano F, et al. The NuSTAR extragalactic surveys: The number counts of active galactic nuclei and the resolved fraction of the cosmic X-ray background. The Astrophysical Journal, 2016, 831: 185. doi: 10.3847/0004-637X/831/2/185
    [13]
    Harrison F A, Craig W W, Finn E. Christensen F E, et al. The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) high-energy X-ray mission. The Astrophysical Journal, 2013, 770–637X/770/2/103. doi: 10.1088/0004-637x/770/2/103
    [14]
    Xue Y Q, Luo B, Brandt W N, et al. The 2 Ms Chandra Deep Field-North survey and the 250 ks extended Chandra Deep Field-South survey: Improved point-source catalogs. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 2016, 224: 15. doi: 10.3847/0067-0049/224/2/15
    [15]
    Mullaney J R, Del-Moro A, Aird J, et al. The NuSTAR extragalactic surveys: Initial results and catalog from the Extended Chandra Deep Field South. The Astrophysical Journal, 2015, 808: 184. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/808/2/184
    [16]
    Alexander D M, Stern D, Del Moro A, et al. The NuSTAR extragalactic survey: A first sensitive look at the high-energy cosmic X-ray background population. The Astrophysical Journal, 2013, 773: 125. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/773/2/125
    [17]
    Wik D R, Hornstrup A, Molendi S, et al. NuSTAR observations of the bullet cluster: Constraints on inverse Compton emission. The Astrophysical Journal, 2014, 792: 48. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/792/1/48
    [18]
    Freeman P E, Kashyap V, Rosner R, et al. A wavelet-based algorithm for the spatial analysis of Poisson data. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 2002, 138: 185. doi: 10.1086/324017
    [19]
    Broos P S, Townsley L K, Feigelson E D, et al. Innovations in the analysis of Chandra-ACIS observations. The Astrophysical Journal, 2010, 714: 1582. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/714/2/1582
    [20]
    Masini A, Civano F, Comastri A, et al. The NuSTAR extragalactic surveys: Source catalog and the Compton-thick fraction in the UDS field. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 2018, 235 (1)–4365/aaa83d. doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/aaa83d
    [21]
    Georgakakis A, Nandra K, Laird E S, et al. A new method for determining the sensitivity of X-ray imaging observations and the X-ray number counts. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2008, 388: 1205–1213. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13423.x
    [22]
    Bertin E, Arnouts S. SExtractor: Software for source extraction. Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, 1996, 117: 393–404. doi: 10.1051/aas:1996164
    [23]
    Y, Feng, Modi C. A fast algorithm for identifying friends-of-friends halos. Astronomy and Computing, 2017, 20: 44–51. doi: 10.1016/j.ascom.2017.05.004
    [24]
    Civano F, Hickox R C, Puccetti S, et al. The NuSTAR extragalactic surveys: Overview and catalog from the cosmos field. The Astrophysical Journal, 2015, 808: 185. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/808/2/185
    [25]
    Gehrels N. Confidence limits for small numbers of events in astrophysical data. The Astrophysical Journal, 1986, 303: 336–346. doi: 10.1086/164079
    [26]
    Park T, Kashyap V L, Siemiginowska A, et al. Bayesian estimation of hardness ratios: Modeling and computations. The Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 652: 610. doi: 10.1086/507406
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    Figure  1.  Stacked NuSTAR E-CDF-S science mosaic in the full band, with a total of 58 sources plotted as circles. The green (47/58) and red (4/58; being less significant detections) sources have the Chandra 250 ks E-CDF-S counterparts within $ r_{\rm m}=30'' $. The magenta source (1/58) does not have any Chandra 250 ks E-CDF-S counterparts but can be matched to a Chandra 7 Ms CDF-S source. Among the unmatched sources (6/58), 3 yellow sources reside in the very edges of the mosaic and 3 cyan sources reside in the chip-gap areas. Numbers are source XIDs. The bottom color bar indicates the counts per pixel.

    Figure  2.  Comparison of net counts obtained by this work and M15 in the E-CDF-S. The diagonal dashed lines indicate the 1∶1 relations.

    Figure  3.  Comparison between the NuSTAR E-CDF-S deblended fluxes (this work) and the total Chandra E-CDF-S (X16; left panel) and CDF-S (L17; right panel) fluxes in the 3–8 keV band (all fluxes are aperture-corrected). In each panel, the green 1∶1 line is centered at the shaded area indicating a factor of $ \le 3 $ difference from the 1∶1 line, and the horizontal dotted line indicates the detection limit.

    Figure  4.  Stacked NuSTAR CDF-N science mosaic in the 3–24 keV band (cf. Fig. 1), with a total of 42 sources plotted. The green (29/42) and red (4/42; being less significant detections) sources have the Chandra 2 Ms CDF-N counterparts within $ r_{\rm m}=30'' $. Among the unmatched sources (9/42), 8 yellow sources reside in or near the edges of the mosaic, and 1 cyan source is only detected in the 8–24 keV band.

    Figure  5.  Same as Fig. 3, but for the comparison between the NuSTAR CDF-N deblended fluxes (this work) and the total Chandra CDF-N fluxes (X16) in the 3–8 keV band (all fluxes are aperture-corrected).

    Figure  6.  Normalized distributions of deblended NuSTAR fluxes in the CDF-N and E-CDF-S.

    [1]
    Brandt W N, Hasinger G. Deep extragalactic X-ray surveys. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2005, 43: 827–859. doi: 10.1146/annurev.astro.43.051804.102213
    [2]
    Brandt W N, Alexander D M. Cosmic X-ray surveys of distant active galaxies. The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review, 2015, 23: 1. doi: 10.1007/s00159-014-0081-z
    [3]
    Xue Y Q. The Chandra Deep Fields: Lifting the veil on distant active galactic nuclei and X-ray emitting galaxies. New Astronomy Reviews, 2017, 79: 59–84. doi: 10.1016/j.newar.2017.09.002
    [4]
    Yuan F, Narayan R. Hot accretion flows around black holes. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2014, 52: 529–588. doi: 10.1146/annurev-astro-082812-141003
    [5]
    Li J, Xue Y, Sun M, et al. Piercing through highly obscured and Compton-thick AGNs in the Chandra Deep Fields. I. X-ray spectral and long-term variability analyses. The Astrophysical Journal, 2019, 877: 5. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab184b
    [6]
    Li J, Xue Y, Sun M, et al. Piercing through highly obscured and Compton-thick AGNs in the Chandra Deep Fields. II. are highly obscured AGNs the missing link in the merger-triggered AGN-galaxy coevolution models. The Astrophysical Journal, 2020, 903: 49. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/abb6e7
    [7]
    Hickox R C, Markevitch M. Absolute measurement of the unresolved cosmic X-ray background in the 0.5–8 keV band with Chandra. The Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 645: 95. doi: 10.1086/504070
    [8]
    Xue Y Q, Luo B, Brandt W N, et al. The Chandra Deep Field-South survey: 4 Ms source catalogs. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 2011, 195: 10. doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/195/1/10
    [9]
    Xue Y Q, Wang S X, Brandt W N, et al. Tracking down the source population responsible for the unresolved cosmic 6–8 keV background. The Astrophysical Journal, 2012, 758: 129. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/758/2/129
    [10]
    Lehmer B D, Xue Y Q, Brandt W N, et al. The 4 Ms Chandra Deep Field-South number counts apportioned by source class: Pervasive active galactic nuclei and the ascent of normal galaxies. The Astrophysical Journal, 2012, 752: 46. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/752/1/46
    [11]
    Luo B, Brandt W N, Xue Y Q, et al. The Chandra Deep Field-South survey: 7 Ms source catalogs. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 2017, 228 (1): 2. doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/228/1/2
    [12]
    Harrison F A, Aird J, Civano F, et al. The NuSTAR extragalactic surveys: The number counts of active galactic nuclei and the resolved fraction of the cosmic X-ray background. The Astrophysical Journal, 2016, 831: 185. doi: 10.3847/0004-637X/831/2/185
    [13]
    Harrison F A, Craig W W, Finn E. Christensen F E, et al. The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) high-energy X-ray mission. The Astrophysical Journal, 2013, 770–637X/770/2/103. doi: 10.1088/0004-637x/770/2/103
    [14]
    Xue Y Q, Luo B, Brandt W N, et al. The 2 Ms Chandra Deep Field-North survey and the 250 ks extended Chandra Deep Field-South survey: Improved point-source catalogs. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 2016, 224: 15. doi: 10.3847/0067-0049/224/2/15
    [15]
    Mullaney J R, Del-Moro A, Aird J, et al. The NuSTAR extragalactic surveys: Initial results and catalog from the Extended Chandra Deep Field South. The Astrophysical Journal, 2015, 808: 184. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/808/2/184
    [16]
    Alexander D M, Stern D, Del Moro A, et al. The NuSTAR extragalactic survey: A first sensitive look at the high-energy cosmic X-ray background population. The Astrophysical Journal, 2013, 773: 125. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/773/2/125
    [17]
    Wik D R, Hornstrup A, Molendi S, et al. NuSTAR observations of the bullet cluster: Constraints on inverse Compton emission. The Astrophysical Journal, 2014, 792: 48. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/792/1/48
    [18]
    Freeman P E, Kashyap V, Rosner R, et al. A wavelet-based algorithm for the spatial analysis of Poisson data. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 2002, 138: 185. doi: 10.1086/324017
    [19]
    Broos P S, Townsley L K, Feigelson E D, et al. Innovations in the analysis of Chandra-ACIS observations. The Astrophysical Journal, 2010, 714: 1582. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/714/2/1582
    [20]
    Masini A, Civano F, Comastri A, et al. The NuSTAR extragalactic surveys: Source catalog and the Compton-thick fraction in the UDS field. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 2018, 235 (1)–4365/aaa83d. doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/aaa83d
    [21]
    Georgakakis A, Nandra K, Laird E S, et al. A new method for determining the sensitivity of X-ray imaging observations and the X-ray number counts. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2008, 388: 1205–1213. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13423.x
    [22]
    Bertin E, Arnouts S. SExtractor: Software for source extraction. Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, 1996, 117: 393–404. doi: 10.1051/aas:1996164
    [23]
    Y, Feng, Modi C. A fast algorithm for identifying friends-of-friends halos. Astronomy and Computing, 2017, 20: 44–51. doi: 10.1016/j.ascom.2017.05.004
    [24]
    Civano F, Hickox R C, Puccetti S, et al. The NuSTAR extragalactic surveys: Overview and catalog from the cosmos field. The Astrophysical Journal, 2015, 808: 185. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/808/2/185
    [25]
    Gehrels N. Confidence limits for small numbers of events in astrophysical data. The Astrophysical Journal, 1986, 303: 336–346. doi: 10.1086/164079
    [26]
    Park T, Kashyap V L, Siemiginowska A, et al. Bayesian estimation of hardness ratios: Modeling and computations. The Astrophysical Journal, 2006, 652: 610. doi: 10.1086/507406
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