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Open AccessOpen Access JUSTC Engineering & Materials 08 November 2023

Effects of residual stress caused by abrasion on the flexoelectric response of BaTiO3 ceramics

  • 1.

    CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

  • 2.

    Anhui Key Laboratory of High-performance Non-ferrous Metal Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China

Cite this:
https://doi.org/10.52396/JUSTC-2023-0015
More Information
  • Author Bio:

    Xu Yang is currently a master’s student in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering of University of Science and Technology of China under the supervision of Prof. Baojin Chu. Her research mainly focuses on flexoelectric effect of BaTiO3 ceramics

    Baojin Chu is currently a Professor at the University of Science and Technology of China. He received his Ph.D. degree from Pennsylvania State University in 2008. His current research interests include ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and dielectric materials and applications

  • Corresponding author: E-mail: chubj@ustc.edu.cn
  • Received Date: 07 February 2023
  • Accepted Date: 09 May 2023
    • Available Online: 08 November 2023
    Abstract

  • Abstract

    The spontaneously polarized surface layer, which originates from stress relaxation, has been proposed for the unexpectedly large flexoelectric response measured in ferroelectric ceramics. However, the source of the stress that led to the polarized surface layer is still not completely known. In this work, the effect of surface stress on the microstructure, dielectric properties and flexoelectric response of BaTiO3 ceramics abraded by abrasive papers of various grit sizes was systematically studied. Compared with the as-prepared sample, the flexoelectric coefficients of abraded BaTiO3 ceramics decreased from ~600 μC/m to less than 200 μC/m. The flexoelectric coefficients of all the samples, however, recovered to ~500 μC/m following heat treatment at 200 °C and a subsequent slow cooling process. The results indicate that abrasion can introduce stress on the surface layers and affect the flexoelectric response of ferroelectric ceramics to some extent, but the stress is not the main reason for the formation of polarized surface layers.

    Graphical abstract

    Although abrasion will cause damage to the BaTiO3 ceramic surface and introduce stress, this stress is not the primary factor in the development of polarized surface layers.

    Abstract

    The spontaneously polarized surface layer, which originates from stress relaxation, has been proposed for the unexpectedly large flexoelectric response measured in ferroelectric ceramics. However, the source of the stress that led to the polarized surface layer is still not completely known. In this work, the effect of surface stress on the microstructure, dielectric properties and flexoelectric response of BaTiO3 ceramics abraded by abrasive papers of various grit sizes was systematically studied. Compared with the as-prepared sample, the flexoelectric coefficients of abraded BaTiO3 ceramics decreased from ~600 μC/m to less than 200 μC/m. The flexoelectric coefficients of all the samples, however, recovered to ~500 μC/m following heat treatment at 200 °C and a subsequent slow cooling process. The results indicate that abrasion can introduce stress on the surface layers and affect the flexoelectric response of ferroelectric ceramics to some extent, but the stress is not the main reason for the formation of polarized surface layers.

    • Public Summary

    • The effect of residual stress introduced by abrasion on the formation of polarized surface layers of BaTiO3 is discussed.
    • The stress caused by mechanical abrasion only has a slight effect on the flexoele ctric coefficient of BaTiO3 ceramics.
    • The stress caused by the phase transition and the constraint from neighboring grains in the ceramics are the main reasons for the formation of polarized surface layers.

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    • References(28)
  • [1]
    Kogan S M. Piezoelectric effect during inhomogeneous deformation and acoustic scattering of carriers in crystals. Soviet Physics-Solid State, 1964, 5 (10): 2069–2070.
    [2]
    Yudin P V, Tagantsev A K. Fundamentals of flexoelectricity in solids. Nanotechnology, 2013, 24 (43): 432001. doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/43/432001
    [3]
    Zubko P, Catalan G, Tagantsev A K. Flexoelectric effect in solids. Annual Review of Materials Research, 2013, 43: 387–421. doi: 10.1146/annurev-matsci-071312-121634
    [4]
    Cross L E. Flexoelectric effects: Charge separation in insulating solids subjected to elastic strain gradients. Journal of Materials Science, 2006, 41: 53–63. doi: 10.1007/s10853-005-5916-6
    [5]
    Chu B, Zhu W, Li N, et al. Flexure mode flexoelectric piezoelectric composites. Journal of Applied Physics, 2009, 106: 104109. doi: 10.1063/1.3262495
    [6]
    Zhou W, Chen P, Pan Q, et al. Lead-free metamaterials with enormous apparent piezoelectric response. Advanced Materials, 2015, 27: 6349–6355. doi: 10.1002/adma.201502562
    [7]
    Bhaskar U K, Banerjee N, Abdollahi A, et al. A flexoelectric microelectromechanical system on silicon. Nature Nanotechnology, 2016, 11: 263–266. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2015.260
    [8]
    Tagantsev A K, Yurkov A S. Flexoelectric effect in finite samples. Journal of Applied Physics, 2012, 112: 044103. doi: 10.1063/1.4745037
    [9]
    Tagantsev A K. Piezoelectricity and flexoelectricity in crystalline dielectrics. Physical Review B, 1986, 34: 5883–5889. doi: 10.1103/physrevb.34.5883
    [10]
    Ma W, Cross L E. Flexoelectricity of barium titanate. Applied Physics Letters, 2006, 88: 232902. doi: 10.1063/1.2211309
    [11]
    Ma W, Cross L E. Large flexoelectric polarization in ceramic lead magnesium niobate. Applied Physics Letters, 2001, 79: 4420–4422. doi: 10.1063/1.1426690
    [12]
    Ma W, Cross L E. Flexoelectric polarization of barium strontium titanate in the paraelectric state. Applied Physics Letters, 2002, 81: 3440–3442. doi: 10.1063/1.1518559
    [13]
    Ma W, Cross L E. Strain-gradient-induced electric polarization in lead zirconate titanate ceramics. Applied Physics Letters, 2003, 82: 3293–3295. doi: 10.1063/1.1570517
    [14]
    Zhang X, Pan Q, Tian D, et al. Large flexoelectriclike response from the spontaneously polarized surfaces in ferroelectric ceramics. Physical Review Letters, 2018, 121: 057602. doi: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.057602
    [15]
    Cutter I A, McPherson R. Surface domain reorientation produced by abrasion and annealing of polycrystalline BaTiO3. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1972, 55: 334–336. doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1972.tb11304.x
    [16]
    Cheng S, Lloyd I K, Kahn M. Modification of surface texture by grinding and polishing lead zirconate titanate ceramics. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1992, 75: 2293–2296. doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb04499.x
    [17]
    Jyomura S, Matsuyama I, Toda G. Effects of the lapped surface layers on the dielectric properties of ferroelectric ceramics. Journal of Applied Physics, 1980, 51: 5838–5844. doi: 10.1063/1.327542
    [18]
    Zhang X, Liu J, Chu M, et al. Flexoelectric piezoelectric metamaterials based on the bending of ferroelectric ceramic wafers. Applied Physics Letters, 2016, 109: 072903. doi: 10.1063/1.4961310
    [19]
    Subbarao E C, McQuarrie M C, Buessem W R. Domain effects in polycrystalline Barium titanate. Journal of Applied Physics, 1957, 28: 1194–1200. doi: 10.1063/1.1722606
    [20]
    Mehta K, Virkar A V. Fracture mechanisms in ferroelectric-ferroelastic lead zirconate titanate (Zr∶Ti=0.54∶0.46) ceramics. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1990, 73: 567–574. doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1990.tb06554.x
    [21]
    Tian D, Chen P, Yang X, et al. Thickness dependence of dielectric and piezoelectric properties from the surface layer effect of BaTiO3-based ceramics. Ceramics International, 2021, 47: 17262–17267. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.03.037
    [22]
    Zhang B, Zheng X L, Tokura H, et al. Grinding induced damage in ceramics. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2003, 132: 353–364. doi: 10.1016/s0924-0136(02)00952-4
    [23]
    Balke N, Bdikin I, Kalinin S V, et al. Electromechanical imaging and spectroscopy of ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials: State of the art and prospects for the future. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2009, 92: 1629–1647. doi: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03240.x
    [24]
    Shi H, Li F, Liu W, et al. Composition dependent phase structure, dielectric and electrostrain properties in (Sr0.7Bi0.2-0.1)TiO3–PbTiO3–Bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3 systems. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2022, 55: 185301. doi: 10.1088/1361-6463/ac4ec4
    [25]
    Li F, Li K, Long M, et al. Ferroelectric-relaxor crossover induce large electrocaloric effect with ultrawide temperature span in NaNbO3-based lead-free ceramics. Applied Physics Letters, 2021, 118: 043902. doi: 10.1063/5.0038506
    [26]
    Gruverman A. Scaling effect on statistical behavior of switching parameters of ferroelectric capacitors. Applied Physics Letters, 1999, 75: 1452–1454. doi: 10.1063/1.124722
    [27]
    Wu A, Vilarinho P M, Shvartsman V V, et al. Domain populations in lead zirconate titanate thin films of different compositions via piezoresponse force microscopy. Nanotechnology, 2005, 16: 2587. doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/16/11/020
    [28]
    Kholkin A, Bdikin I, Ostapchuk T, et al. Room temperature surface piezoelectricity in SrTiO3 ceramics via piezoresponse force microscopy. Applied Physics Letters, 2008, 93: 222905. doi: 10.1063/1.3037220
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    Figure  1.  (a) The XRD patterns of BT ceramics abraded with different abrasive papers. (b–f) Analysis of the XRD patterns shown in (a) using the Rietveld refinement method. “×” marks represent the diffraction peaks, and the red solid lines are fitted curves. The difference between the experimental results and fitted curve is shown as blue curves. (g) The intensity ratio of (002)/(200) peaks Ra of BT ceramics abraded with abrasive papers of different particle sizes.

    Figure  2.  SEM images of BT ceramics: (a) as-prepared, (b) 400-grit-abraded, (c) 1500-grit-abraded, (d) 5000-grit-abraded.

    Figure  3.  (a) The temperature dependence of the dielectric constant and loss of as-prepared and abraded BT ceramics before and after heat treatment at 1 kHz. The inset shows the dielectric constant near TC. (b, c) The dielectric constant of BT ceramics before and after heat treatment with different abrasion conditions at 30 °C and 133 °C, respectively.

    Figure  4.  (a, b) The P-E hysteresis loops of as-prepared and abraded BT ceramics (measured at room temperature) before and after the heat treatment at 200 °C, respectively. (c) Dependence of coercive field Ecof BT ceramics on the grit size of the abrasive paper. (d) Dependence of maximum polarization P max of BT ceramics on the grit size of the abrasive paper.

    Figure  5.  The dependence of the flexoelectric coefficient μρ of BT ceramics on the particle size of the abrasive paper at room temperature.

    Figure  6.  Temperature dependence of the flexoelectric coefficient μρ of the as-prepared and abraded BT ceramics.

    Figure  7.  PFM images of BT ceramics. (a) Phase contrast PFM images before heat treatment of as-prepared samples. (b) Phase contrast PFM images after heat treatment of as-prepared samples. (c) The analysis of the polarization orientation for the phase images of as-prepared samples shown in (a, b). (d, e) Phase contrast PFM images before and after heat treatment of the ceramic abraded by 5000-grit abrasive paper. (f) The analysis of the polarization orientation for the phase images of abraded samples shown in (d, e).

    [1]
    Kogan S M. Piezoelectric effect during inhomogeneous deformation and acoustic scattering of carriers in crystals. Soviet Physics-Solid State, 1964, 5 (10): 2069–2070.
    [2]
    Yudin P V, Tagantsev A K. Fundamentals of flexoelectricity in solids. Nanotechnology, 2013, 24 (43): 432001. doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/43/432001
    [3]
    Zubko P, Catalan G, Tagantsev A K. Flexoelectric effect in solids. Annual Review of Materials Research, 2013, 43: 387–421. doi: 10.1146/annurev-matsci-071312-121634
    [4]
    Cross L E. Flexoelectric effects: Charge separation in insulating solids subjected to elastic strain gradients. Journal of Materials Science, 2006, 41: 53–63. doi: 10.1007/s10853-005-5916-6
    [5]
    Chu B, Zhu W, Li N, et al. Flexure mode flexoelectric piezoelectric composites. Journal of Applied Physics, 2009, 106: 104109. doi: 10.1063/1.3262495
    [6]
    Zhou W, Chen P, Pan Q, et al. Lead-free metamaterials with enormous apparent piezoelectric response. Advanced Materials, 2015, 27: 6349–6355. doi: 10.1002/adma.201502562
    [7]
    Bhaskar U K, Banerjee N, Abdollahi A, et al. A flexoelectric microelectromechanical system on silicon. Nature Nanotechnology, 2016, 11: 263–266. doi: 10.1038/nnano.2015.260
    [8]
    Tagantsev A K, Yurkov A S. Flexoelectric effect in finite samples. Journal of Applied Physics, 2012, 112: 044103. doi: 10.1063/1.4745037
    [9]
    Tagantsev A K. Piezoelectricity and flexoelectricity in crystalline dielectrics. Physical Review B, 1986, 34: 5883–5889. doi: 10.1103/physrevb.34.5883
    [10]
    Ma W, Cross L E. Flexoelectricity of barium titanate. Applied Physics Letters, 2006, 88: 232902. doi: 10.1063/1.2211309
    [11]
    Ma W, Cross L E. Large flexoelectric polarization in ceramic lead magnesium niobate. Applied Physics Letters, 2001, 79: 4420–4422. doi: 10.1063/1.1426690
    [12]
    Ma W, Cross L E. Flexoelectric polarization of barium strontium titanate in the paraelectric state. Applied Physics Letters, 2002, 81: 3440–3442. doi: 10.1063/1.1518559
    [13]
    Ma W, Cross L E. Strain-gradient-induced electric polarization in lead zirconate titanate ceramics. Applied Physics Letters, 2003, 82: 3293–3295. doi: 10.1063/1.1570517
    [14]
    Zhang X, Pan Q, Tian D, et al. Large flexoelectriclike response from the spontaneously polarized surfaces in ferroelectric ceramics. Physical Review Letters, 2018, 121: 057602. doi: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.057602
    [15]
    Cutter I A, McPherson R. Surface domain reorientation produced by abrasion and annealing of polycrystalline BaTiO3. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1972, 55: 334–336. doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1972.tb11304.x
    [16]
    Cheng S, Lloyd I K, Kahn M. Modification of surface texture by grinding and polishing lead zirconate titanate ceramics. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1992, 75: 2293–2296. doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1992.tb04499.x
    [17]
    Jyomura S, Matsuyama I, Toda G. Effects of the lapped surface layers on the dielectric properties of ferroelectric ceramics. Journal of Applied Physics, 1980, 51: 5838–5844. doi: 10.1063/1.327542
    [18]
    Zhang X, Liu J, Chu M, et al. Flexoelectric piezoelectric metamaterials based on the bending of ferroelectric ceramic wafers. Applied Physics Letters, 2016, 109: 072903. doi: 10.1063/1.4961310
    [19]
    Subbarao E C, McQuarrie M C, Buessem W R. Domain effects in polycrystalline Barium titanate. Journal of Applied Physics, 1957, 28: 1194–1200. doi: 10.1063/1.1722606
    [20]
    Mehta K, Virkar A V. Fracture mechanisms in ferroelectric-ferroelastic lead zirconate titanate (Zr∶Ti=0.54∶0.46) ceramics. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1990, 73: 567–574. doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1990.tb06554.x
    [21]
    Tian D, Chen P, Yang X, et al. Thickness dependence of dielectric and piezoelectric properties from the surface layer effect of BaTiO3-based ceramics. Ceramics International, 2021, 47: 17262–17267. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.03.037
    [22]
    Zhang B, Zheng X L, Tokura H, et al. Grinding induced damage in ceramics. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2003, 132: 353–364. doi: 10.1016/s0924-0136(02)00952-4
    [23]
    Balke N, Bdikin I, Kalinin S V, et al. Electromechanical imaging and spectroscopy of ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials: State of the art and prospects for the future. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2009, 92: 1629–1647. doi: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03240.x
    [24]
    Shi H, Li F, Liu W, et al. Composition dependent phase structure, dielectric and electrostrain properties in (Sr0.7Bi0.2-0.1)TiO3–PbTiO3–Bi(Mg0.5Ti0.5)O3 systems. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2022, 55: 185301. doi: 10.1088/1361-6463/ac4ec4
    [25]
    Li F, Li K, Long M, et al. Ferroelectric-relaxor crossover induce large electrocaloric effect with ultrawide temperature span in NaNbO3-based lead-free ceramics. Applied Physics Letters, 2021, 118: 043902. doi: 10.1063/5.0038506
    [26]
    Gruverman A. Scaling effect on statistical behavior of switching parameters of ferroelectric capacitors. Applied Physics Letters, 1999, 75: 1452–1454. doi: 10.1063/1.124722
    [27]
    Wu A, Vilarinho P M, Shvartsman V V, et al. Domain populations in lead zirconate titanate thin films of different compositions via piezoresponse force microscopy. Nanotechnology, 2005, 16: 2587. doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/16/11/020
    [28]
    Kholkin A, Bdikin I, Ostapchuk T, et al. Room temperature surface piezoelectricity in SrTiO3 ceramics via piezoresponse force microscopy. Applied Physics Letters, 2008, 93: 222905. doi: 10.1063/1.3037220
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