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Searching for radio pulsation from SGR 1935+2154 with the Parkes ultra-wideband low receiver

  • 1.

    Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210023, China

  • 2.

    School of Astronomy and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China

  • 3.

    Western Sydney University (Penrith Campus), Sydney 2751, Australia

Cite this:
https://doi.org/10.52396/JUST-2021-0132
  • Received Date: 14 May 2021
  • Rev Recd Date: 21 May 2021
  • Publish Date: 30 June 2021
    Abstract

  • Abstract

    Magnetars have been proposed to be the origin of the fast radio bursts (FRBs) soon after its initial discovery. The detection of the first Galactic FRB 200428 from SGR 1935+2154 has made this hypothesis more convincing. In October 2020, this source was supposed to be in an extremely active state again. We then carried out a 1.6-hours follow-up observation of SGR 1935+2154 using the new ultra-wideband low (UWL) receiver of the Parkes 64 m radio telescope covering a frequency range of 704-4032 MHz. However, no convincing signal was detected in either of our single pulse or periodicity searches. We obtained a limit on the flux density of periodic signal of 3.6 μJy using the full 3.3 GHz bandwidth data sets, which is the strictest limit for that of SGR 1935+2154. Our full bandwidth limit on the single pulses fluence is 35 mJy ms, which is well below the brightest single pulses detected by the FAST radio telescope just two days before our observation. Assuming that SGR 1935+2154 is active during our observation, our results suggest that its radio bursts are either intrinsically narrow-band or show a steep spectrum.

    Abstract

    Magnetars have been proposed to be the origin of the fast radio bursts (FRBs) soon after its initial discovery. The detection of the first Galactic FRB 200428 from SGR 1935+2154 has made this hypothesis more convincing. In October 2020, this source was supposed to be in an extremely active state again. We then carried out a 1.6-hours follow-up observation of SGR 1935+2154 using the new ultra-wideband low (UWL) receiver of the Parkes 64 m radio telescope covering a frequency range of 704-4032 MHz. However, no convincing signal was detected in either of our single pulse or periodicity searches. We obtained a limit on the flux density of periodic signal of 3.6 μJy using the full 3.3 GHz bandwidth data sets, which is the strictest limit for that of SGR 1935+2154. Our full bandwidth limit on the single pulses fluence is 35 mJy ms, which is well below the brightest single pulses detected by the FAST radio telescope just two days before our observation. Assuming that SGR 1935+2154 is active during our observation, our results suggest that its radio bursts are either intrinsically narrow-band or show a steep spectrum.
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    • References(44)
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    Lorimer D R, Bailes M, McLaughlin M A, et al. A bright millisecond radio burst of extragalactic origin. Science, 2007, 318(5851): 777-780.
    [2]
    Chatterjee S, Law C J, Wharton R S, et al. A direct localization of a fast radio burst and its host. Nature, 2017, 541(7635): 58-61.
    [3]
    The CHIME/FRB Collaboration. Periodic activity from a fast radio burst source. Nature, 2020, 582: 351-355.
    [4]
    The CHIME/FRB Collaboration. A bright millisecond-duration radio burst from a Galactic magnetar. Nature, 2020, 587: 54-58.
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    Bochenek C D, Ravi V, Belov K V, et al. A fast radio burst associated with a Galactic magnetar. Nature, 2020, 587: 59-62.
    [6]
    Zhang S N, Xiong S L, Li C K, et al. Insight-HXMT X-ray and hard X-ray detection of the double peaks of the Fast Radio Burst from SGR 1935+2154. The Astronomer's Telegram, 2020: 13696.
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    Popov S B, Postnov K A. Hyperflares of SGRs as an engine for millisecond extragalactic radio bursts. https://arxiv.org/abs/0710.2006.
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    Lyubarsky Y. A model for fast extragalactic radio bursts. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2014, 442: L9-L13.
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    Katz J I. How soft gamma repeaters might make fast radio bursts. The Astrophysical Journal, 2016, 826(2): 226.
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    Gajjar V, Siemion A P V, Price D C, et al. Highest frequency detection of FRB 121102 at 4-8 GHz using the Breakthrough Listen Digital Backend at the Green Bank Telescope. The Astrophysical Journal, 2018, 863(1): 2.
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    Zhang B. The physical mechanisms of fast radio bursts. Nature, 2020, 587(7832): 45-53.
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    Mazets E, Golenetskii S, Il'inskii V, et al. Observations of a flaring X-ray pulsar in Dorado. Nature, 1979, 282(5739): 587-589.
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    Cline T L, Desai U D, Teegarden B J, et al. Precise source location of the anomalous 1979 March 5 gamma-ray transient. The Astrophysical Journal, 1982, 255: L45-L48.
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    Camilo F, Ransom S, Pealver J, et al. The variable radio-to-X-ray spectrum of the magnetar XTE J1810-197. The Astrophysical Journal, 2007, 669(1): 561.
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    Maron O, Kijak J, Kramer M, et al. Pulsar spectra of radio emission. Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, 2000, 147(2): 195-203.
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    Pennucci T T, Possenti A, Esposito P, et al. Simultaneous multiband radio and X-ray observations of the Galactic Center magnetar SGR 1745-2900. The Astrophysical Journal, 2015, 808(1): 81.
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    Stamatikos M, Malesani D, Page K L, et al. GRB 140705A: Swift detection of a short burst. GRB Coordinates Network, 2014: 16520.
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    Israel G L, Esposito P, Rea N, et al. The discovery, monitoring and environment of SGR J1935+2154. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2016, 457(4): 3448-3456.
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    Gaensler B M. GRB 140705A / SGR 1935+2154: Probable association with supernova remnant G57.2+0.8. GRB Coordinates Network, 2014: 16533.
    [22]
    Zhou P, Zhou X, Chen Y, et al. Revisiting the distance, environment, and supernova properties of SNR G57.2+0.8 that hosts SGR 1935+2154. The Astrophysical Journal, 2020, 905(2): 99.
    [23]
    Fong W, Berger E. GRB 140705A / SGR 1935+2154: VLA 6 GHz observations. GRB Coordinates Network, 2014: 16542.
    [24]
    Surnis M P, Krishnakumar M A, Maan Y, et al. Upper limits on the pulsed radio emission of SGR 1935+2154 from the Ooty Radio Telescope and the Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope. The Astronomer's Telegram, 2014: 6376.
    [25]
    Burgay M, Israel G L, Rea N, et al. Parkes upper limits on the pulsed radio emission of SGR 1935+2154. The Astronomer's Telegram, 2014: 6371.
    [26]
    Younes G, Kouveliotou C, Jaodand A, et al. X-Ray and radio observations of the magnetar SGR J1935+2154 during its 2014, 2015, and 2016 outbursts. The Astrophysical Journal, 2017, 847(2): 85.
    [27]
    Lin L, Gogus E, Roberts O J, et al. Fermi/GBM view of the 2019 and 2020 burst active episodes of SGR J1935+2154. The Astrophysical Journal, 2020, 902(2): L43.
    [28]
    Barthelmy S D, Bernardini M G, D'Avanzo P, et al. Swift detection of multiple bursts from SGR 1935+2154. GRB Coordinates Network, 2020: 27657.
    [29]
    Zhang C F, Jiang J C, Men Y P, et al. A highly polarised radio burst detected from SGR 1935+2154 by FAST. The Astronomer's Telegram, 2020: 13699.
    [30]
    Kirsten F, Snelders M P, Jenkins M, et al. Detection of two bright radio bursts from magnetar SGR 1935 + 2154. Nature Astronomy, 2021, 5: 414-422.
    [31]
    Younes G, Guver T, Kouveliotou C, et al. The NICER view of the 2020 burst storm and persistent emission of SGR 1935+2154. The Astrophysical Journal, 2020, 904(2): L21.
    [32]
    Good D, The Chime/FRB Collaboration. CHIME/FRB detection of three more radio bursts from SGR 1935+2154. The Astronomer's Telegram, 2020: 14074.
    [33]
    Pleunis Z, The CHIME/FRB Collaboration. Properties of the CHIME/FRB 2020 October 8 detections of SGR 1935+2154. The Astronomer's Telegram, 2020: 14080.
    [34]
    Tohuvavohu A. Swift/BAT “X-ray flare” is an unfortunately timed detector glitch. The Astronomer's Telegram, 2020: 14076.
    [35]
    Zhu W, Wang B, Zhou D, et al. FAST detection of radio bursts and pulsed emission from SGR J1935+2154. The Astronomer's Telegram, 2020: 14084.
    [36]
    Hobbs G, Manchester R N, Dunning A, et al. An ultra-wide bandwidth (704 to 4032 MHz) receiver for the Parkes radio telescope. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, 2020, 37: e012.
    [37]
    Hotan A W, van Straten W, Manchester R N. PSRCHIVE and PSRFITS: An open approach to radio pulsar data storage and analysis. https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0404549.
    [38]
    The CHIME/FRB Collaboration. A bright millisecond-duration radio burst from a Galactic magnetar. https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.10324.
    [39]
    Zhang S B, Hobbs G, Russell C, et al. Parkes transient events. Ⅰ. Database of single pulses, initial results, and missing fast radio bursts. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 2020, 249(1): 14.
    [40]
    Burgay M, Pilia M, Bernardi G, et al. Marginal detection of radio pulsations from the magnetar SGR 1935+2154 with the Medicina Northern Cross. The Astronomer's Telegram, 2020: 13783.
    [41]
    Bailes M, Bassa C, Bernardi G, et al. Multifrequency observations of SGR J1935+2154. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2021, 503(4): 5367-5384.
    [42]
    Tan C M, The Chime/Pulsar Collaboration. Non-detection of radio pulsations from SGR 1935+2154 by CHIME/Pulsar. The Astronomer's Telegram, 2020: 13838.
    [43]
    Straal S, Maan Y, Gelfand J, et al. Search for burst and periodic radio emission from SGR 1935+2154 using GBT observations at 800 MHz and S-band. The Astronomer's Telegram, 2020: 14151.
    [44]
    Camilo F, Ransom S M, Halpern J P, et al. Radio disappearance of the magnetar XTE J1810-197 and continued X-ray timing. The Astrophysical Journal, 2016, 820(2): 110.
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    [1]
    Lorimer D R, Bailes M, McLaughlin M A, et al. A bright millisecond radio burst of extragalactic origin. Science, 2007, 318(5851): 777-780.
    [2]
    Chatterjee S, Law C J, Wharton R S, et al. A direct localization of a fast radio burst and its host. Nature, 2017, 541(7635): 58-61.
    [3]
    The CHIME/FRB Collaboration. Periodic activity from a fast radio burst source. Nature, 2020, 582: 351-355.
    [4]
    The CHIME/FRB Collaboration. A bright millisecond-duration radio burst from a Galactic magnetar. Nature, 2020, 587: 54-58.
    [5]
    Bochenek C D, Ravi V, Belov K V, et al. A fast radio burst associated with a Galactic magnetar. Nature, 2020, 587: 59-62.
    [6]
    Zhang S N, Xiong S L, Li C K, et al. Insight-HXMT X-ray and hard X-ray detection of the double peaks of the Fast Radio Burst from SGR 1935+2154. The Astronomer's Telegram, 2020: 13696.
    [7]
    Popov S B, Postnov K A. Hyperflares of SGRs as an engine for millisecond extragalactic radio bursts. https://arxiv.org/abs/0710.2006.
    [8]
    Lyubarsky Y. A model for fast extragalactic radio bursts. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2014, 442: L9-L13.
    [9]
    Katz J I. How soft gamma repeaters might make fast radio bursts. The Astrophysical Journal, 2016, 826(2): 226.
    [10]
    Gajjar V, Siemion A P V, Price D C, et al. Highest frequency detection of FRB 121102 at 4-8 GHz using the Breakthrough Listen Digital Backend at the Green Bank Telescope. The Astrophysical Journal, 2018, 863(1): 2.
    [11]
    Zhang B. The physical mechanisms of fast radio bursts. Nature, 2020, 587(7832): 45-53.
    [12]
    Kaspi V M, Beloborodov A. Magnetars. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2017, 55(1): 261-301.
    [13]
    Mazets E, Golenetskii S, Il'inskii V, et al. Observations of a flaring X-ray pulsar in Dorado. Nature, 1979, 282(5739): 587-589.
    [14]
    Cline T L, Desai U D, Teegarden B J, et al. Precise source location of the anomalous 1979 March 5 gamma-ray transient. The Astrophysical Journal, 1982, 255: L45-L48.
    [15]
    Camilo F, Ransom S, Pealver J, et al. The variable radio-to-X-ray spectrum of the magnetar XTE J1810-197. The Astrophysical Journal, 2007, 669(1): 561.
    [16]
    Maron O, Kijak J, Kramer M, et al. Pulsar spectra of radio emission. Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, 2000, 147(2): 195-203.
    [17]
    Pennucci T T, Possenti A, Esposito P, et al. Simultaneous multiband radio and X-ray observations of the Galactic Center magnetar SGR 1745-2900. The Astrophysical Journal, 2015, 808(1): 81.
    [18]
    Esposito P, Rea N, Borghese A, et al. A very young radio-loud magnetar. https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.04083.
    [19]
    Stamatikos M, Malesani D, Page K L, et al. GRB 140705A: Swift detection of a short burst. GRB Coordinates Network, 2014: 16520.
    [20]
    Israel G L, Esposito P, Rea N, et al. The discovery, monitoring and environment of SGR J1935+2154. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2016, 457(4): 3448-3456.
    [21]
    Gaensler B M. GRB 140705A / SGR 1935+2154: Probable association with supernova remnant G57.2+0.8. GRB Coordinates Network, 2014: 16533.
    [22]
    Zhou P, Zhou X, Chen Y, et al. Revisiting the distance, environment, and supernova properties of SNR G57.2+0.8 that hosts SGR 1935+2154. The Astrophysical Journal, 2020, 905(2): 99.
    [23]
    Fong W, Berger E. GRB 140705A / SGR 1935+2154: VLA 6 GHz observations. GRB Coordinates Network, 2014: 16542.
    [24]
    Surnis M P, Krishnakumar M A, Maan Y, et al. Upper limits on the pulsed radio emission of SGR 1935+2154 from the Ooty Radio Telescope and the Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope. The Astronomer's Telegram, 2014: 6376.
    [25]
    Burgay M, Israel G L, Rea N, et al. Parkes upper limits on the pulsed radio emission of SGR 1935+2154. The Astronomer's Telegram, 2014: 6371.
    [26]
    Younes G, Kouveliotou C, Jaodand A, et al. X-Ray and radio observations of the magnetar SGR J1935+2154 during its 2014, 2015, and 2016 outbursts. The Astrophysical Journal, 2017, 847(2): 85.
    [27]
    Lin L, Gogus E, Roberts O J, et al. Fermi/GBM view of the 2019 and 2020 burst active episodes of SGR J1935+2154. The Astrophysical Journal, 2020, 902(2): L43.
    [28]
    Barthelmy S D, Bernardini M G, D'Avanzo P, et al. Swift detection of multiple bursts from SGR 1935+2154. GRB Coordinates Network, 2020: 27657.
    [29]
    Zhang C F, Jiang J C, Men Y P, et al. A highly polarised radio burst detected from SGR 1935+2154 by FAST. The Astronomer's Telegram, 2020: 13699.
    [30]
    Kirsten F, Snelders M P, Jenkins M, et al. Detection of two bright radio bursts from magnetar SGR 1935 + 2154. Nature Astronomy, 2021, 5: 414-422.
    [31]
    Younes G, Guver T, Kouveliotou C, et al. The NICER view of the 2020 burst storm and persistent emission of SGR 1935+2154. The Astrophysical Journal, 2020, 904(2): L21.
    [32]
    Good D, The Chime/FRB Collaboration. CHIME/FRB detection of three more radio bursts from SGR 1935+2154. The Astronomer's Telegram, 2020: 14074.
    [33]
    Pleunis Z, The CHIME/FRB Collaboration. Properties of the CHIME/FRB 2020 October 8 detections of SGR 1935+2154. The Astronomer's Telegram, 2020: 14080.
    [34]
    Tohuvavohu A. Swift/BAT “X-ray flare” is an unfortunately timed detector glitch. The Astronomer's Telegram, 2020: 14076.
    [35]
    Zhu W, Wang B, Zhou D, et al. FAST detection of radio bursts and pulsed emission from SGR J1935+2154. The Astronomer's Telegram, 2020: 14084.
    [36]
    Hobbs G, Manchester R N, Dunning A, et al. An ultra-wide bandwidth (704 to 4032 MHz) receiver for the Parkes radio telescope. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, 2020, 37: e012.
    [37]
    Hotan A W, van Straten W, Manchester R N. PSRCHIVE and PSRFITS: An open approach to radio pulsar data storage and analysis. https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0404549.
    [38]
    The CHIME/FRB Collaboration. A bright millisecond-duration radio burst from a Galactic magnetar. https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.10324.
    [39]
    Zhang S B, Hobbs G, Russell C, et al. Parkes transient events. Ⅰ. Database of single pulses, initial results, and missing fast radio bursts. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 2020, 249(1): 14.
    [40]
    Burgay M, Pilia M, Bernardi G, et al. Marginal detection of radio pulsations from the magnetar SGR 1935+2154 with the Medicina Northern Cross. The Astronomer's Telegram, 2020: 13783.
    [41]
    Bailes M, Bassa C, Bernardi G, et al. Multifrequency observations of SGR J1935+2154. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2021, 503(4): 5367-5384.
    [42]
    Tan C M, The Chime/Pulsar Collaboration. Non-detection of radio pulsations from SGR 1935+2154 by CHIME/Pulsar. The Astronomer's Telegram, 2020: 13838.
    [43]
    Straal S, Maan Y, Gelfand J, et al. Search for burst and periodic radio emission from SGR 1935+2154 using GBT observations at 800 MHz and S-band. The Astronomer's Telegram, 2020: 14151.
    [44]
    Camilo F, Ransom S M, Halpern J P, et al. Radio disappearance of the magnetar XTE J1810-197 and continued X-ray timing. The Astrophysical Journal, 2016, 820(2): 110.
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